Semantic

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General

See also Data, Documents, Open social#Semantic, HTML/CSS


note: slowly cleaning this page up


  • Semantic Web - a “Web of data,” the sort of data you find in databases. The ultimate goal of the Web of data is to enable computers to do more useful work and to develop systems that can support trusted interactions over the network. The term “Semantic Web” refers to W3C’s vision of the Web of linked data. Semantic Web technologies enable people to create data stores on the Web, build vocabularies, and write rules for handling data. Linked data are empowered by technologies such as RDF, SPARQL, OWL, and SKOS.



  • The Self-Describing Web - The Web is designed to support flexible exploration of information by human users and by automated agents. For such exploration to be productive, information published by many different sources and for a variety of purposes must be comprehensible to a wide range of Web client software, and to users of that software.HTTP and other Web technologies can be used to deploy resource representations that are self-describing: information about the encodings used for each representation is provided explicitly within the representation. Starting with a URI, there is a standard algorithm that a user agent can apply to retrieve and interpret such representations. Furthermore, representations can be what we refer to as grounded in the Web, by ensuring that specifications required to interpret them are determined unambiguously based on the URI, and that explicit references connect the pertinent specifications to each other. Web-grounding ensures that the specifications needed to interpret information on the Web can be identified unambiguously. When such self-describing, Web-grounded resources are linked together, the Web as a whole can support reliable, ad hoc discovery of information.This finding describes how document formats, markup conventions, attribute values, and other data formats can be designed to facilitate the deployment of self-describing, Web-grounded Web content.
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_graph - a key concept of Semantic Web architecture in which a set of Resource Description Framework statements (a graph) are identified using a URI, allowing descriptions to be made of that set of statements such as context, provenance information or other such metadata.Named graphs are a simple extension of the RDF data model through which graphs can be created but the model lacks an effective means of distinguishing between them once published on the Web at large.





  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network - or frame network is a knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts in a network. This is often used as a form of knowledge representation. It is a directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges, which represent semantic relations between concepts,[1] mapping or connecting semantic fields.Typical standardized semantic networks are expressed as semantic triples.Semantic networks are used in natural language processing applications such as semantic parsing[2] and word-sense disambiguation.


  • -2003.02320- Knowledge Graphs - In this paper we provide a comprehensive introduction to knowledge graphs, which have recently garnered significant attention from both industry and academia in scenarios that require exploiting diverse, dynamic, large-scale collections of data. After a general introduction, we motivate and contrast various graph-based data models and query languages that are used for knowledge graphs. We discuss the roles of schema, identity, and context in knowledge graphs. We explain how knowledge can be represented and extracted using a combination of deductive and inductive techniques. We summarise methods for the creation, enrichment, quality assessment, refinement, and publication of knowledge graphs. We provide an overview of prominent open knowledge graphs and enterprise knowledge graphs, their applications, and how they use the aforementioned techniques. We conclude with high-level future research directions for knowledge graphs. [3]


  • Knowledge Engineering with Semantic Web Technologies by Dr. Harald Sack - YouTube - The web has become an object of our daily life and the amount of information in the web is ever growing. Besides plain texts, especially multimedia information such as graphics, audio or video have become a predominant part of the web's information traffic. But, how can we find useful information within this huge information space? How can we make use of the knowledge contained in those web documents? Traditional search engines for example will reach the limits of their power, when it comes to understanding information content. The Semantic Web is an extension of the traditional web in the sense that information in the form of natural language text in the web will be complemented by its explicit semantics based on a formal knowledge representation. Thus, the meaning of information expressed in natural language can be accessed in an automated way and interpreted correctly, i.e. it can be ‘understood’ by machines.



  • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_resource - or simply resource, is any identifiable thing, whether digital, physical, or abstract. Resources are identified using Uniform Resource Identifiers. In the Semantic Web, web resources and their semantic properties are described using the Resource Description Framework.
  • Cool URIs for the Semantic Web - The Resource Description Framework RDF allows users to describe both Web documents and concepts from the real world—people, organisations, topics, things—in a computer-processable way. Publishing such descriptions on the Web creates the Semantic Web. URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers) are very important, providing both the core of the framework itself and the link between RDF and the Web. This document presents guidelines for their effective use. It discusses two strategies, called 303 URIs and hash URIs. It gives pointers to several Web sites that use these solutions, and briefly discusses why several other proposals have problems.
  • Sense and Reference on the Web - Harry Halpin, 2009. "This thesis builds a foundation for the philosophy of the Web by examining the crucial question: What does a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) mean? Does it have a sense, and can it refer to things? A philosophical and historical introduction to the Web explains the primary purpose of the Web as a universal information space for naming and accessing information via URIs. A terminology, based on distinctions in philosophy, is employed to define precisely what is meant by information, language, representation, and reference. These terms are then employed to create a foundational ontology and principles of Web architecture. From this perspective, the Semantic Web is then viewed as the application of the principles of Web architecture to knowledge representation. However, the classical philosophical problems of sense and reference that have been the source of debate within the philosophy of language return. Three main positions are inspected: the logicist position, as exemplified by the descriptivist theory of reference and the first-generation Semantic Web, the direct reference position, as exemplified by Putnam and Kripke's causal theory of reference and the second-generation Linked Data initiative, and a Wittgensteinian position that views the Semantic Web as yet another public language. After identifying the public language position as the most promising, a solution of using people's everyday use of search engines as relevance feedback is proposed as a Wittgensteinian way to determine sense of URIs. This solution is then evaluated on a sample of the Semantic Web discovered by via using queries from a hypertext search engine query log. The results are evaluated and the technique of using relevance feedback from hypertext Web searches to determine relevant Semantic Web URIs in response to user queries is shown to considerably improve baseline performance. Future work for the Web that follows from our argument and experiments is detailed, and outlines of a future philosophy of the Web laid out."


  1. Use URIs to denote things.
  2. Use HTTP URIs so that these things can be referred to and looked up ("dereferenced") by people and user agents.
  3. Provide useful information about the thing when its URI is dereferenced, leveraging standards such as RDF, SPARQL.
  4. Include links to other related things (using their URIs) when publishing data on the Web.

or

  1. All kinds of conceptual things, they have names now that start with HTTP.
  2. I get important information back. I will get back some data in a standard format which is kind of useful data that somebody might like to know about that thing, about that event.
  3. I get back that information it's not just got somebody's height and weight and when they were born, it's got relationships. And when it has relationships, whenever it expresses a relationship then the other thing that it's related to is given one of those names that starts with HTTP.

On the Semantic Web, vocabularies define the concepts and relationships (also referred to as “terms”) used to describe and represent an area of concern. Vocabularies are used to classify the terms that can be used in a particular application, characterize possible relationships, and define possible constraints on using those terms. In practice, vocabularies can be very complex (with several thousands of terms) or very simple (describing one or two concepts only).

There is no clear division between what is referred to as “vocabularies” and “ontologies”. The trend is to use the word “ontology” for more complex, and possibly quite formal collection of terms, whereas “vocabulary” is used when such strict formalism is not necessarily used or only in a very loose sense. Vocabularies are the basic building blocks for inference techniques on the Semantic Web.



  • Agile Knowledge Engineering and Semantic Web (AKSW) is hosted by the Chair of Business Information Systems (BIS) of the Institute of Computer Science (IfI) / University of Leipzig as well as the Institute for Applied Informatics (InfAI). Goals: Development of methods, tools and applications for adaptive Knowledge Engineering in the context of the Semantic Web. Research of underlying Semantic Web technologies and development of fundamental Semantic Web tools and applications. Maturation of strategies for fruitfully combining the Social Web paradigms with semantic knowledge representation techniques.


  • Sindice - Data Web Services. Millions of websites mark up their content using RDF, Microformats, Microdata, Schema.org, RDFa, Opengraph and more. Sindice helps you find, understand and integrate with their content.














News

Historic

One World Language

  • William A. Martin's OWL System - In the early 1970's, Prof. William A. (Bill) Martin of MIT's Project MAC (later the Lab for Computer Science) began development of a powerful knowledge representation language called OWL. Although the acronym was never officially defined, many of us who participated in the project believed it to stand for "One World Language." Throughout several incarnations, OWL was used to support research on automatic programming (including declarative specification of computational procedures) natural language understanding business modeling and problem solving medical diagnosis and therapy management generation of natural language explanations from knowledge and program behavior. The heart of the system is a formal language for knowledge representation that took a Wittgenstein-like approach to knowledge. Approximately, this says that the meaning of any concept in the language is the totality of all the other concepts linked to it. Concepts were formed by specialization, OWL included a derivative subclassifier that made certain taxonomic inferences, and a very general notion of characterization allowed great flexibility in expressing assertional knowledge. Critically, all characterizations could be reified as concepts, allowing the system to use meta-level descriptions of its own features. Inference methods could be specified within the language itself, or could be implemented as Lisp procedures for efficiency.

PICS

  • REC-PICS-labels-961031 - This document has been prepared for the technical subcommittee of PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selection). It defines a general format for labels and three methods by which these labels may be transmitted: In an HTML document; With a document transported via a protocol that uses RFC-822 headers; Separately from the document.
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_for_Internet_Content_Selection - was a specification created by W3C that used metadata to label webpages to help parents and teachers control what children and students could access on the Internet. The W3C Protocol for Web Description Resources project integrates PICS concepts with RDF. PICS was superseded by POWDER, which itself is no longer actively developed. PICS often used a content labeling from the Internet Content Rating Association, which has also been discontinued by the Family Online Safety Institute's board of directors. An alternative self-rating system, named Voluntary Content Rating, was devised by Solid Oak Software in 2010, in response to the perceived complexity of PICS. Internet Explorer 3 was one of the early web browsers to offer support for PICS, released in 1996. Internet Explorer 5 added a feature called approved sites, that allowed extra sites to be added to the list in addition to the PICS list when it was being used.

POWDER

  • Protocol for Web Description Resources (POWDER): Primer - the Protocol for Web Description Resources — provides a mechanism to describe and discover Web resources and helps the users to make a decision whether a given resource is of interest. There are a variety of use cases: from providing a better means to describing Web resources and creating trustmarks to aiding content discovery, child protection and Semantic Web searches.There are two varieties of POWDER: a complex, semantically rich variety, called POWDER-S, and a much simpler version, just called POWDER, which is intended as the primary transport mechanism for Description Resources. POWDER-S can be generated automatically from POWDER.
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_for_Web_Description_Resources - the W3C recommended method for describing Web resources. It specifies a protocol for publishing metadata about Web resources using RDF, OWL, and HTTP.The initial working party was formed in February 2007 with the W3C Content Label Incubator Group's 2006 work as an input. On 1 September 2009 POWDER became a W3C recommendation and the Working Group is now closed.

MCF

  • An MCF[/XML Tutorial] - a tool to provide information about information. The primary goal is to make the Web (Internet or Intranet) more like a library and less like a messy heap of books on the floor. In order to understand MCF, there are three things that you'll need to learn: Objects, Categories, and Properties - the conceptual building blocks, The XML syntax in which MCF is stored, The Directed Linked Graph mathematical model which lies behind MCF, which can be used by computer programmers to build efficient MCF implementations.


  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Content_Framework - a specification of a content format for structuring metadata about web sites and other data. MCF was developed by Ramanathan V. Guha at Apple Computer's Advanced Technology Group between 1995 and 1997. Rooted in knowledge-representation systems such as CycL, KRL, and KIF, it sought to describe objects, their attributes, and the relationships between them. When the research project was discontinued, Guha left Apple for Netscape, where, in collaboration with Tim Bray, he adapted MCF to use XML and created the first version of the Resource Description Framework (RDF).


SHOE

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_HTML_Ontology_Extensions - a small set of HTML extensions designed to give web pages semantic meaning by allowing information such as class, subclass and property relationships. SHOE was developed around 1996 by Sean Luke, Lee Spector, James Hendler, Jeff Heflin, and David Rager at the University of Maryland, College Park.

RDF

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework - a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata data model. It has come to be used as a general method for conceptual description or modeling of information that is implemented in web resources, using a variety of syntax notations and data serialization formats. It is also used in knowledge management applications. RDF was adopted as a W3C recommendation in 1999. The RDF 1.0 specification was published in 2004, the RDF 1.1 specification in 2014.

The RDF data model is similar to classical conceptual modeling approaches (such as entity–relationship or class diagrams). It is based on the idea of making statements about resources (in particular web resources) in expressions of the form subject–predicate–object, known as triples. The subject denotes the resource, and the predicate denotes traits or aspects of the resource, and expresses a relationship between the subject and the object.For example, one way to represent the notion "The sky has the color blue" in RDF is as the triple: a subject denoting "the sky", a predicate denoting "has the color", and an object denoting "blue". Therefore, RDF uses subject instead of object (or entity) in contrast to the typical approach of an entity–attribute–value model in object-oriented design: entity (sky), attribute (color), and value (blue).

RDF is an abstract model with several serialization formats (i.e. file formats), so the particular encoding for resources or triples varies from format to format.This mechanism for describing resources is a major component in the W3C's Semantic Web activity: an evolutionary stage of the World Wide Web in which automated software can store, exchange, and use machine-readable information distributed throughout the Web, in turn enabling users to deal with the information with greater efficiency and certainty. RDF's simple data model and ability to model disparate, abstract concepts has also led to its increasing use in knowledge management applications unrelated to Semantic Web activity. A collection of RDF statements intrinsically represents a labeled, directed multi-graph. This in theory makes an RDF data model better suited to certain kinds of knowledge representation than are other relational or ontological models. However, in practice, RDF data is often stored in relational database or native representations (also called Triplestores—or Quad stores, if context such as the named graph is also stored for each RDF triple). As RDFS and OWL demonstrate, one can build additional ontology languages upon RDF.


  • RDF data are sets of ‘triples’ (aka ‘statements’) of the form (Subject, Property, Object)
  • RDF data are seen as (unranked, node- and edge-labeled) directed graphs
    • nodes of which are statement's subjects and objects and are either labeled
      • by URIs an thus representing Web resources
      • by literals, such as strings or numbers, thus representing literal resources
      • by ‘local’ identifiers thus representing ‘anonymous’ or ‘blank’ nodes.
    • arcs of which correspond to statement's properties
  • Properties are also called ‘predicates’ (statement analogy)
  • Blank nodes commonly used to aggregate or group statements
    • e.g., in containers or collections
    • or for n-ary relations


RDF is a general method to decompose any type of knowledge into small pieces, with some rules about the semantics, or meaning, of those pieces. The point is to have a method so simple that it can express any fact, and yet so structured that computer applications can do useful things with it.


The basic unit of RDF is a statement called a triple. One can think of a triple as a type of sentence that states a single "fact" about a resource. RDF allows you to define statements about things (or resources), in the form of subject-predicate-object expressions (known as RDF-triples due to the 3 constituent parts).


The different forms for representing the RDF data are:

  • RDF/XML
  • Notation-3 (N3)
  • Turtle - a simplified, RDF-only subset of N3.
  • N-Triple
  • RDFa
  • TRiX
  • TRiG
  • JSON-LD





  • rdflib 4.2.2 — rdflib 4.2.2 documentation - a pure Python package work working with RDF. RDFLib contains most things you need to work with RDF, including: parsers and serializers for RDF/XML, N3, NTriples, N-Quads, Turtle, TriX, RDFa and Microdata. a Graph interface which can be backed by any one of a number of Store implementations. store implementations for in memory storage and persistent storage on top of the Berkeley DB. a SPARQL 1.1 implementation - supporting SPARQL 1.1 Queries and Update statements.
  • https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib


RDF/XML

  • RDF 1.1 XML Syntax - This document defines an XML syntax for RDF called RDF/XML in terms of Namespaces in XML, the XML Information Set and XML Base.

Here's some RDF XML: 

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"

xmlns:ns="http://www.example.org/#"> 

 <ns:Person rdf:about="http://www.example.org/#john">
   <ns:hasMother rdf:resource="http://www.example.org/#susan" />
   <ns:hasFather>
     <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.example.org/#richard">
       <ns:hasBrother rdf:resource="http://www.example.org/#luke" />
     </rdf:Description>
   </ns:hasFather>
 </ns:Person>
</rdf:RDF>



  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition - a set of markup declarations that define a document type for an SGML-family markup language (GML, SGML, XML, HTML).A DTD defines the valid building blocks of an XML document. It defines the document structure with a list of validated elements and attributes. A DTD can be declared inline inside an XML document, or as an external reference. XML uses a subset of SGML DTD. As of 2009, newer XML namespace-aware schema languages (such as W3C XML Schema and ISO RELAX NG) have largely superseded DTDs. A namespace-aware version of DTDs is being developed as Part 9 of ISO DSDL. DTDs persist in applications that need special publishing characters, such as the XML and HTML Character Entity References, which derive from larger sets defined as part of the ISO SGML standard effort.


  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_schema - a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntactical constraints imposed by XML itself. These constraints are generally expressed using some combination of grammatical rules governing the order of elements, Boolean predicates that the content must satisfy, data types governing the content of elements and attributes, and more specialized rules such as uniqueness and referential integrity constraints.There are languages developed specifically to express XML schemas. The document type definition (DTD) language, which is native to the XML specification, is a schema language that is of relatively limited capability, but that also has other uses in XML aside from the expression of schemas. Two more expressive XML schema languages in widespread use are XML Schema (with a capital S) and RELAX NG.The mechanism for associating an XML document with a schema varies according to the schema language. The association may be achieved via markup within the XML document itself, or via some external means.

N3

Here's some N3 RDF: 

@prefix : <http://www.example.org/> .
:john    a           :Person .
:john    :hasMother  :susan .
:john    :hasFather  :richard .
:richard :hasBrother :luke .

N-Triple

  • RDF 1.1 N-Quads - N-Quads is a line-based, plain text format for encoding an RDF dataset.

Turtle

TriG

  • TriG - RDF Dataset Language. A concrete syntax for RDF as defined in the RDF Concepts and Abstract Syntax ([rdf11-concepts]). TriG is an extension of Turtle ([turtle]), extended to support representing a complete RDF Dataset.


RDFa

2004. RDFa 1.1 reached recommendation status in June 2012.

  • RDFa - an extension to HTML5 that helps you markup things like People, Places, Events, Recipes and Reviews. Search Engines and Web Services use this markup to generate better search listings and give you better visibility on the Web, so that people can find your website more easily.





JSON-LD

  • JSON-LD 1.1 - a useful data serialization and messaging format. This specification defines JSON-LD, a JSON-based format to serialize Linked Data. The syntax is designed to easily integrate into deployed systems that already use JSON, and provides a smooth upgrade path from JSON to JSON-LD. It is primarily intended to be a way to use Linked Data in Web-based programming environments, to build interoperable Web services, and to store Linked Data in JSON-based storage engines.



  • http://manu.sporny.org/2013/json-ld-is-the-bees-knees - "JSON-LD was created by people that have been directly involved in the Linked Data, lowercase semantic web, uppercase Semantic Web, Microformats, Microdata, and RDFa work. It has proven to be useful to them. There are a number of very large technology companies that have adopted JSON-LD, further underscoring its utility."



"Full Disclosure: I am one of the primary creators of JSON-LD, lead editor on the JSON-LD 1.0 specification, and chair of the JSON-LD Community Group. These are my personal opinions and not the opinions of the W3C, JSON-LD Community Group, or my company. ... TL;DR: The desire for better Web APIs is what motivated the creation of JSON-LD, not the Semantic Web. If you want to make the Semantic Web a reality, stop making the case for it and spend your time doing something more useful, like actually making machines smarter or helping people publish data in a way that’s useful to them."

Microdata

  • Microdata to RDF – Second Edition - HTML microdata is an extension to HTML used to embed machine-readable data into HTML documents. Whereas the microdata specification describes a means of markup, the output format is JSON. This specification describes processing rules that may be used to extract RDF [RDF11-CONCEPTS] from an HTML document containing microdata.




GRDDL

  • Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages (GRDDL) - a mechanism for Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages. This GRDDL specification introduces markup based on existing standards for declaring that an XML document includes data compatible with the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and for linking to algorithms (typically represented in XSLT), for extracting this data from the document.The markup includes a namespace-qualified attribute for use in general-purpose XML documents and a profile-qualified link relationship for use in valid XHTML documents. The GRDDL mechanism also allows an XML namespace document (or XHTML profile document) to declare that every document associated with that namespace (or profile) includes gleanable data and for linking to an algorithm for gleaning the data.


  • GRDDL Primer - a technique for obtaining RDF data from XML documents and in particular XHTML pages. Authors may explicitly associate documents with transformation algorithms, typically represented in XSLT, using a link element in the head of the document. Alternatively, the information needed to obtain the transformation may be held in an associated metadata profile document or namespace document.





to sort

  • RDF HDT (Header, Dictionary, Triples) is a compact data structure and binary serialization format for RDF that keeps big datasets compressed to save space while maintaining search and browse operations without prior decompression. This makes it an ideal format for storing and sharing RDF datasets on the Web.





  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDI - short for "eXtensible Data Interchange", is a semantic data interchange format and protocol under development by the OASIS XDI Technical Committee. The name comes from the addressable graph model XDI uses: every node in the XDI graph is its own RDF graph that is uniquely addressable.


  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_web_service - like conventional web services, is the server end of a client–server system for machine-to-machine interaction via the World Wide Web. Semantic services are a component of the semantic web because they use markup which makes data machine-readable in a detailed and sophisticated way (as compared with human-readable HTML which is usually not easily "understood" by computer programs).


  • Web Application Description Language - This specification describes the Web Application Description Language (WADL). An increasing number of Web-based enterprises (Google, Yahoo, Amazon, Flickr to name but a few) are developing HTTP-based applications that provide programatic access to their internal data. Typically these applications are described using textual documentation that is sometimes supplemented with more formal specifications such as XML schema for XML-based data formats. WADL is designed to provide a machine process-able description of such HTTP-based Web applications.


Description Logic

  • Description Logic workshop
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_logic#Semantic_Web - a family of formal knowledge representation languages. Many DLs are more expressive than propositional logic but less expressive than first-order logic. In contrast to the latter, the core reasoning problems for DLs are (usually) decidable, and efficient decision procedures have been designed and implemented for these problems. There are general, spatial, temporal, spatiotemporal, and fuzzy description logics, and each description logic features a different balance between expressive power and reasoning complexity by supporting different sets of mathematical constructors. DLs are used in artificial intelligence to describe and reason about the relevant concepts of an application domain (known as terminological knowledge). It is of particular importance in providing a logical formalism for ontologies and the Semantic Web: the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and its profile is based on DLs. The most notable application of DLs and OWL is in biomedical informatics where DL assists in the codification of biomedical knowledge.




Ontology languages

DAML+OIL

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Agent_Markup_Language - was the name of a US funding program at the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) started in 1999 by then-Program Manager James Hendler, and later run by Murray Burke, Mark Greaves and Michael Pagels. The program focused on the creation of machine-readable representations for the Web. One of the Investigators working on the program was Tim Berners-Lee and to a great degree through his influence, working with the program managers, the effort worked to create technologies and demonstrations for what is now called the Semantic Web and this in turn led to the growth of Knowledge Graph technology.A primary outcome of the DAML program was the DAML language, an agent markup language based on RDF. This language was then followed by an extension entitled DAML+OIL which included researchers outside of the DARPA program in the design. The 2002 submission of the DAML+OIL language to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) captures the work done by DAML contractors and the EU/U.S. ad hoc Joint Committee on Markup Languages. This submission was the starting point for the language (later called OWL) to be developed by W3C's web ontology working group, WebOnt.

DAML+OIL was a syntax, layered on RDF and XML, that could be used to describe sets of facts making up an ontology. DAML+OIL had its roots in three main languages - DAML, as described above, OIL (Ontology Inference Layer) and SHOE, an earlier US research project.A major innovation of the languages was to use RDF and XML for a basis, and to use RDF namespaces to organize and assist with the integration of arbitrarily many different and incompatible ontologies. Articulation ontologies can link these competing ontologies through codification of analogous subsets in a neutral point of view, as is done in the Wikipedia.Current ontology research derived in part from DAML is leading toward the expression of ontologies and rules for reasoning and action.Much of the work in DAML has now been incorporated into RDF Schema, the OWL and their successor languages and technologies including schema.org


  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_Inference_Layer - can be regarded as an ontology infrastructure for the Semantic Web. OIL is based on concepts developed in Description Logic (DL) and frame-based systems and is compatible with RDFS. OIL was developed by Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen (Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam) and Ian Horrocks (University of Manchester) as part of the IST OntoKnowledge project.Much of the work in OIL was subsequently incorporated into DAML+OIL and the Web Ontology Language (OWL).




RDF Schema / RDFS

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF_Schema - Resource Description Framework Schema, variously abbreviated as RDFS, RDF(S), RDF-S, or RDF/S) is a set of classes with certain properties using the RDF extensible knowledge representation data model, providing basic elements for the description of ontologies, otherwise called RDF vocabularies, intended to structure RDF resources. These resources can be saved in a triplestore to reach them with the query language SPARQL.The first versio was published by the World-Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in April 1998, and the final W3C recommendation was released in February 2004. Many RDFS components are included in the more expressive Web Ontology Language (OWL).



  • RDF/S allows so-called RDF Schemas (or ontologies) similar to object-oriented class hierarchies or taxonomies
  • Inheritance model of RDF/S exhibits the following peculiarities:
    • same resource may be classified in different, unrelated classes
    • class hierarchy may be cyclic → all classes on cycle equivalent
    • properties are first-class
      • associates range and domain to property, rather than which properties a class can carry
  • Inference rules are used to define the semantics (or entailment) of an RDF/S schema
    • e.g., transitivity of the class hierarchy or
    • inferred type of an untyped resource in the domain of a property


OWL

  • OWL - a Web Ontology language. Where earlier languages have been used to develop tools and ontologies for specific user communities (particularly in the sciences and in company-specific e-commerce applications), they were not defined to be compatible with the architecture of the World Wide Web in general, and the Semantic Web in particular. OWL uses both URIs for naming and the description framework for the Web provided by RDF to add the following capabilities to ontologies: Ability to be distributed across many systems, Scalability to Web needs, Compatibility with Web standards for accessibility and internationalization, Openess and extensiblility. OWL builds on RDF and RDF Schema and adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. "exactly one"), equality, richer typing of properties, characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and enumerated classes.



newer;


  • New Messages! - RDFS allows you to express the relationships between things by standardizing on a flexible, triple-based format and then providing a vocabulary (“keywords” such as rdf:type or rdfs:subClassOf) which can be used to say things. OWL is similar, but bigger, better, and badder. OWL lets you say much more about your data model, it shows you how to work efficiently with database queries and automatic reasoners, and it provides useful annotations for bringing your data models into the real world.


  • OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Mapping to RDF Graphs (Second Edition) - The OWL 2 Web Ontology Language, informally OWL 2, is an ontology language for the Semantic Web with formally defined meaning. OWL 2 ontologies provide classes, properties, individuals, and data values and are stored as Semantic Web documents. OWL 2 ontologies can be used along with information written in RDF, and OWL 2 ontologies themselves are primarily exchanged as RDF documents. The OWL 2 Document Overview describes the overall state of OWL 2, and should be read before other OWL 2 documents.This document defines the mapping of OWL 2 ontologies into RDF graphs, and vice versa.


  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_ring - or synset, is a group of data elements that are considered semantically equivalent for the purposes of information retrieval. These data elements are frequently found in different metadata registries. Although a group of terms can be considered equivalent, metadata registries store the synonyms at a central location called the preferred data element. According to WordNet, a synset or synonym set is defined as a set of one or more synonyms that are interchangeable in some context without changing the truth value of the proposition in which they are embedded. A synonym ring can be expressed by a series of statements in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) using the classEquivalence or the propertyEquivalence or instance equivalence statement – the sameAs property.


  • PR-OWL - an open research work aimed to extend the OWL ontology Web language so it can represent probabilistic ontologies. In other words, it is a probabilistic extension to OWL that provides a framework for authoring probabilistic ontologies and is based on the Bayesian first-order logic called Multi-Entity Bayesian Networks (MEBN).
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Web_Ontology_Language - an ontology representation language that enables such perceptual modeling. It assumes a causal model of the world, where observable media features are caused by underlying concepts. In MOWL, it is possible to associate different types of media features in different media format and at different levels of abstraction with the concepts in a closed domain. The associations are probabilistic in nature to account for inherent uncertainties in observation of media patterns. The spatial and temporal relations between the media properties characterizing a concept (or, event) can also be expressed using MOWL. Often the concepts in a domain inherit the media properties of some related concepts, such as a historic monument inheriting the color and texture properties of its building material. It is possible to reason with the media properties of the concepts in a domain to derive an Observation Model for a concept. Finally, MOWL supports an abductive reasoning framework using Bayesian networks, that is robust against imperfect observations of media data.


  • Visual Data Web - Visually Experiencing the Data Web - provides an overview of our attempts to a more visual Data Web.The term Data Web refers to the evolution of a mainly document-centric Web toward a more data-oriented Web. In its narrow sense, the term describes pragmatic approaches of the Semantic Web, such as RDF and Linked Data. In a broader sense, it also includes less formal data structures, such as microformats, microdata, tagging, and folksonomies.The term Visual Data Web reflects our goal of making the Data Web visually more experienceable, also for average Web users with little to no knowledge about the underlying technologies. This website presents developments, related publications, and current activities to generate new ideas, methods, and tools that help making the Data Web easier accessible, more visible, and thus more attractive.




RIF

SWRL

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language - a proposed language for the Semantic Web that can be used to express rules as well as logic, combining OWL DL or OWL Lite with a subset of the Rule Markup Language (itself a subset of Datalog). The specification was submitted in May 2004 to the W3C by the National Research Council of Canada, Network Inference (since acquired by webMethods), and Stanford University in association with the Joint US/EU ad hoc Agent Markup Language Committee. The specification was based on an earlier proposal for an OWL rules language. SWRL has the full power of OWL DL, but at the price of decidability and practical implementations. However, decidability can be regained by restricting the form of admissible rules, typically by imposing a suitable safety condition.

Ontologies

There is no clear division between what is referred to as “vocabularies” and “ontologies”. The trend is to use the word “ontology” for more complex, and possibly quite formal collection of terms, whereas “vocabulary” is used when such strict formalism is not necessarily used or only in a very loose sense. Vocabularies are the basic building blocks for inference techniques on the Semantic Web.





  • vocab.org is intended to be an open URI space for vocabularies such as RDF Schemas or XML Namespace documents. The PURL http://purl.org/vocab/ is mapped to this domain. It is recommended that all vocabularies hosted here define their term URIs using the PURL rather than the vocab.org domain. The PURL is expected to persist longer than vocab.org, although every effort will be made to ensure that vocab.org persists for as long as possible.



  • UMBEL - Vocabulary and Reference Concept Ontology (namespace: umbel). UMBEL is the Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer, designed to help content interoperate on the Web.

XSD


  • XML Schema Datatypes in RDF and OWL - The RDF and OWL Recommendations use the simple types from XML Schema. This document addresses three questions left unanswered by these Recommendations: Which URIref should be used to refer to a user defined datatype? Which values of which XML Schema simple types are the same? How to use the problematic xsd:duration in RDF and OWL? In addition, we further describe how to integrate OWL DL with user defined datatypes (in appendix B).


Dublin Core

  • DCMI: Dublin Core™ - The original Dublin Core™ of thirteen (later fifteen) elements was first published in the report of a workshop in 1995. In 1998, this was formalized in the Internet Engineering Task Force standard RFC 5791, and discussions began about making it a standard of the (US) National Information Standards Organization (NISO). This led to the publication of ANSI/NISO Z39.85-2001 and the International Standards Organization Standard 15836-2003. The most recent updates of these standards are RFC 5791 (2010), Z39-85-2012, and ISO 15836-1:2017. Publication of a Part 2 to the ISO standard, covering several dozen properties and classes that have been added to DCMI namespaces since 1999, is expected in 2019.Starting in 2002, DCMI grew into the role of "de facto" standards agency by maintaining its own, updated documentation for DCMI Metadata Terms. The DCMI Usage Board currently serves as the maintenance agency for ISO 15836.In addition to these semantic specifications, DCMI working groups have developed specifications on other topics of relevance to metadata, such as encoding syntaxes, usage guidelines, and metadata models. In the rapidly evolving environment of the World Wide Web, most of these specifications have been superseded over time, sometimes after influencing subsequent work by other technical communities, notably the World Wide Web Consortium.
  • DCMI: DCMI Metadata Terms - This document is an up-to-date specification of all metadata terms maintained by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, including properties, vocabulary encoding schemes, syntax encoding schemes, and classes.






FOAF

  • The FOAF Project - a computer language defining a dictionary of people-related terms that can be used in structured data (e.g. RDFa, JSON-LD, Linked Data).
  • FOAF Vocabulary Specification - a project devoted to linking people and information using the Web. Regardless of whether information is in people's heads, in physical or digital documents, or in the form of factual data, it can be linked. FOAF integrates three kinds of network: social networks of human collaboration, friendship and association; representational networks that describe a simplified view of a cartoon universe in factual terms, and information networks that use Web-based linking to share independently published descriptions of this inter-connected world. FOAF does not compete with socially-oriented Web sites; rather it provides an approach in which different sites can tell different parts of the larger story, and by which users can retain some control over their information in a non-proprietary format.

Web of Trust

  • WOT Schema - RDF documents can make any number of statements. Without some kind of signature or other similar verification mechanism, there is no way to understand who made these statements. One way to document who made a set of statements is via the use of Digital Signatures: signing a document using Public Key Cryptography. The WOT, or Web Of Trust, schema is designed to facilitate the use of Public Key Cryptography tools such as PGP or GPG to sign RDF documents and document these signatures.

MetaVocab

Creative Commons

SKOS

  • SKOS: Simple Knowledge Organization System - an area of work developing specifications and standards to support the use of knowledge organization systems (KOS) such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading systems and taxonomies within the framework of the Semantic Web.SKOS & RDFSKOS provides a standard way to represent knowledge organization systems using the Resource Description Framework (RDF). Encoding this information in RDF allows it to be passed between computer applications in an interoperable way.Using RDF also allows knowledge organization systems to be used in distributed, decentralised metadata applications. Decentralised metadata is becoming a typical scenario, where service providers want to add value to metadata harvested from multiple sources.




DOAP

SIOC

  • SIOC initiative (Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities) aims to enable the integration of online community information. SIOC provides a Semantic Web ontology for representing rich data from the Social Web in RDF. It has recently achieved significant adoption through its usage in a variety of commercial and open-source software applications, and is commonly used in conjunction with the FOAF vocabulary for expressing personal profile and social networking information. By becoming a standard way for expressing user-generated content from such sites, SIOC enables new kinds of usage scenarios for online community site data, and allows innovative semantic applications to be built on top of the existing Social Web. The SIOC ontology was recently published as a W3C Member Submission, which was submitted by 16 organisations.

Music

ResumeRDF

SCOT

  • SCOT is an acronym for Social Semantic Cloud of Tags. The name was chosen to emphasise the goal of providing a consistent framework for expressing social tagging at a semantic level in machine-understandable way. The SCOT ontology provides a model for expressing the main concepts and properties required to describe information for tagging activities (e.g., users, tags, resources, etc.) on the Semantic Web. This document contains a detailed description of the SCOT Ontology.

Data Cube

  • RDF Data Cube Vocabulary - There are many situations where it would be useful to be able to publish multi-dimensional data, such as statistics, on the web in such a way that it can be linked to related data sets and concepts. The Data Cube vocabulary provides a means to do this using the W3C RDF (Resource Description Framework) standard. The model underpinning the Data Cube vocabulary is compatible with the cube model that underlies SDMX (Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange), an ISO standard for exchanging and sharing statistical data and metadata among organizations. The Data Cube vocabulary is a core foundation which supports extension vocabularies to enable publication of other aspects of statistical data flows or other multi-dimensional data sets.

Other

  • Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets (VoID) is an RDF Schema vocabulary for expressing metadata about RDF datasets. It is intended as a bridge between the publishers and users of RDF data, with applications ranging from data discovery to cataloging and archiving of datasets. This document provides a formal definition of the new RDF classes and properties introduced for VoID. It is a companion to the main specification document for VoID, Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID Vocabulary.
  • Schema.RDFS.org - In early June 2011, the three big search engines Bing, Google and Yahoo! introduced Schema.org, a collection of terms that webmasters can use to markup their pages to improve the display of search results. This site is a complementary effort by people from the Linked Data community to support Schema.org deployment and usage with a special focus on Linked Data:
  • Common Tag is an open tagging format developed to make content more connected, discoverable and engaging. Unlike free-text tags, Common Tags are references to unique, well-defined concepts, complete with metadata and their own URLs. With Common Tag, site owners can more easily create topic hubs, cross-promote their content, and enrich their pages with free data, images and widgets.
  • Music Ontology is an attempt to provide a vocabulary for linking a wide range music-related information, and to provide a democratic mechanism for doing so
  • BIO: A vocabulary for biographical information. used in FOAF
  • oeGOV is making and publishing W3C OWL ontologies for eGovernment.
  • http://ontorule-project.eu/ ONTORULE (ONTOlogies meet business RULEs) is a large-scale integrating project (IP) partially funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme under the Information and Communication Technologies
  • Product Types Ontology - High-precision identifiers for product types based on Wikipedia. Provides ca. 300,000 precise definitions for types of product or services that extend the schema.org and GoodRelations standards for e-commerce markup.

VOAF

  • VOAF is a vocabulary specification providing elements allowing the description of vocabularies (RDFS vocabularies or OWL ontologies) used in the Linked Data Cloud. In particular it provides properties expressing the different ways such vocabularies can rely on, extend, specify, annotate or otherwise link to each other. It relies itself on Dublin Core and voiD. The name of the vocabulary makes an explicit reference to FOAF because VOAF can be used to define networks of vocabularies in a way similar to the one FOAF is used to define networks of people.

LOV

LOV objective is to provide easy access methods to this ecosystem of vocabularies, and in particular by making explicit the ways they link to each other and providing metrics on how they are used in the linked data cloud, help to improve their understanding, visibility and usability, and overall quality.

BBC

API

uuhh


See also WebDev#API




REST




  • RESTful Grounding by otaviofff - RESTful Grounding was the very first Web Ontology to allow the semantic description of RESTful Web Services. It was authored by two Brazilian researches, from the University of Sao Paulo (USP), Engineering School, as part of their master thesis on RESTful Semantic Web Services: Otavio F. Ferreira Filho (@otaviofff) Maria Alice G. V. FerreiraAbstractThe proposal is to allow the development of semantic Web services according to an architectural style called REST. More specifically, it considers a REST implementation based on the HTTP protocol, resulting in RESTful Semantic Web Services.The development of semantic Web services has been the subject of various academic papers. However, the predominant effort considers Web services designed according to another architectural style named RPC, mainly through the SOAP protocol. The RPC approach, strongly stimulated by the enterprise software industry, aggregates unnecessary processing and definitions that make Web services more complex than desired. Therefore, services end up being not as scalable or fast as possible.In fact, REST services form the majority of Web services currently developed on the social Web, an environment focused on user-generated content and networking, clearly stronger and more predominant than others.The proposal presented here makes use of a specific selection of existing languages and protocols, reinforcing its feasibility. First, OWL-S is used as the base ontology for services. Second, WADL is used for syntactically describing them. Third, the HTTP protocol is used for transferring messages; defining the action to be executed; and also defining the execution scope. Finally, URI identifiers are responsible for specifying the service interface.



SPARQL











SPARUL

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARUL - or SPARQL/Update, is a declarative data manipulation language that is an extension to the SPARQL query language standard. SPARUL provides the ability to insert, delete and update RDF data held within a triple store or quad store. SPARUL was originally written by Hewlett-Packard and has been used as the foundation for the current W3C recommendation entitled SPARQL 1.1 Update.

RDQL


Hydra

  • Hydra W3C Community Group - Building Web APIs seems still more an art than a science. How can we build APIs such that generic clients can easily use them? And how do we build those clients? Current APIs heavily rely on out-of-band information such as human-readable documentation and API-specific SDKs. However, this only allows for very simple and brittle clients that are hardcoded against specific APIs. Hydra, in contrast, is a set of technologies that allow to design APIs in a different manner, in a way that enables smarter clients.



Semantic forms


Linked Data

  • W3C: Linking Open Data - The Open Data Movement aims at making data freely available to everyone. There are already various interesting open data sets available on the Web. Examples include Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Geonames, MusicBrainz, WordNet, the DBLP bibliography and many more which are published under Creative Commons or Talis licenses. The goal of the W3C SWEO Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a data commons by publishing various open data sets as RDF on the Web and by setting RDF links between data items from different data sources. RDF links enable you to navigate from a data item within one data source to related data items within other sources using a Semantic Web browser. RDF links can also be followed by the crawlers of Semantic Web search engines, which may provide sophisticated search and query capabilities over crawled data. As query results are structured data and not just links to HTML pages, they can be used within other applications.
  • Linked Data - is about using the Web to connect related data that wasn't previously linked, or using the Web to lower the barriers to linking data currently linked using other methods. More specifically, Wikipedia defines Linked Data as "a term used to describe a recommended best practice for exposing, sharing, and connecting pieces of data, information, and knowledge on the Semantic Web using URIs and RDF." This site exists to provide a home for, or pointers to, resources from across the Linked Data community.



  • Linked Data Platform Use Cases and Requirements - To foster the development of the Linked Data Platform specification, this document includes a set of user stories, use cases, scenarios and requirements that motivate a simple read-write Linked Data architecture, based on HTTP access to web resources that describe their state using RDF. The starting point for the development of these use cases is a collection of user stories that provide realistic examples describing how people may use read-write Linked Data. The use cases themselves are captured in a narrative style that describes a behavior, or set of behaviors based on, and using scenarios from, these user stories. The aim throughout has been to avoid details of protocol (specifically the HTTP protocol), and use of any specific vocabulary that might be introduced by the LDP specification.


  • Linked Data - Design Issues - The Semantic Web isn't just about putting data on the web. It is about making links, so that a person or machine can explore the web of data. With linked data, when you have some of it, you can find other, related, data.
  • 5-star Open Data - Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web and Linked Data initiator, suggested a 5-star deployment scheme for Open Data. Here, we give examples for each step of the stars and explain costs and benefits that come along with it.







  • LodLive project provides a demonstration of the use of Linked Data standards (RDF, SPARQL) to browse RDF resources. The application aims to spread linked data principles using a simple and friendly interface with reusable techniques.









  • lobid.org - provides Linked Open Data (LOD) services for libraries, consisting of user interfaces (UIs) and application programming interfaces (APIs). lobid is run by the North Rhine-Westphalian Library Service Centre (hbz).



LDP

  • Linked Data Platform 1.0 - Linked Data Platform (LDP) defines a set of rules for HTTP operations on web resources, some based on RDF, to provide an architecture for read-write Linked Data on the web.



  • https://www.w3.org/wiki/LDP_Implementations - This is community-maintained page listing planned and existing implementations of the Linked Data Platform (LDP). If you are associated with such an implementation (planned or complete), please make sure it is correctly listed on this page. See the LDP compliance reports for those implementations who have supplied testing results.


  • EUCLID | EdUcational Curriculum for the usage of LInked Data - a European project facilitating professional training for data practitioners, who aim to use Linked Data in their daily work. EUCLID delivers a curriculum implemented as a combination of living learning materials and activities (eBook series, webinars, face‐to‐face training), validated by the user community through continuous feedback



  • Linked Data Platform 1.0 - defines a set of rules for HTTP operations on web resources, some based on RDF, to provide an architecture for read-write Linked Data on the web.
  • W3C Linked Data Platform Working Group Charter - "This group is based on the idea of combining two Web-related concepts to help solve some of the long-standing challenges involved in building and combining software: RDF, the Resource Description Framework, is a W3C Recommended general technique for conveying information. It has a handful of syntaxes, including RDF/XML, RDFa, and Turtle, any of which can be used to transmit RDF statements. The items about which information is expressed in RDF documents are identified with URIs (eg, http://example.com/products/Widget-71) but the existing RDF specifications do not cover dereferencing them. RDF is the basis for Linked Data and the Semantic Web. With RESTful APIs and RESTful Web Services, clients use basic HTTP verbs, with their simple and direct meaning, to obtain and alter the state of objects on the server. In these APIs, the remote information objects are identified with URIs which are dereferenced in every operation. RESTful APIs can be defined independent of the formats used for conveying the state of the objects; typically services use custom XML and/or JSON encodings of state information.

The combination of RDF and RESTful APIs is therefore natural, with RDF providing a standard way to serialize information about things identified by URIs and REST providing a way to obtain and alter the state of those things. This approach has been proposed and explored for some time, in academia and industry, as shown by the items listed in References. Within W3C, the SPARQL Working Group developed a RESTful protocol for accessing data in SPARQL data stores and discussed its wider applicability. The participants in the Linked Enterprise Data Patterns Workshop expressed general support for the creation of a Working Group to define a way to use RDF with RESTful APIs in support of application integration.

The basic technique here is to expose application data objects ("resources") on the Web, allowing authorized clients to see and modify object state using HTTP operations (GET, PUT, etc) with an RDF data format. This RESTful approach leverages existing Web technology, including caching, linking, and indexing, and the use of RDF facilitates integration of data across systems and applications. This approach dovetails with SPARQL and is positioned for developers who want more direct access to the application data.

The Linked Data Platform is envisioned as an enterprise-ready collection of standard techniques and services based on using RESTful APIs and the W3C Semantic Web stack. Simple LDP applications can be developed and deployed using only RDF and conventional HTTP infrastructure. More extensive LDP applications can be built using other elements of the stack, including RDFS, SPARQL, OWL, RIF, and the PROV provenance vocabulary. Although expertise in these specialized elements may be helpful, it is not necessary for participation in this group and should not be required for using the Linked Data Platform.


  • Linked Data Basic Profile 1.0 - A set of best practices and simple approach for a read-write Linked Data architecture, based on HTTP access to web resources that describe their state using RDF.


Future

Web Observatory

  • Web Observatory Community Group - The sister organisation of W3C, the Web Science Trust (www.webscience.org) proposes to create a global "Web Observatory". The Open Data movement and the Transparency Agenda are successfully advocating the release of very large institutional and commercial data sets describing social phenomena, economic indicators and geographic trends. This proliferation of data represents great opportunity for researchers and industry but this data abundance also threatens to make it ever more difficult to locate, analyse, compare and interpret useful information in a consistent and reliable way; a situation which can only get worse unless we can help stakeholders perform useful analysis rather than drowning in a sea of data. The Web Observatory will offer an institutional framework to promote the use of W3C and other standards in the development of; Semantic Catalogues to globally locate existing data sets, Collection Systems to gather new global data sets, and Analytics Tools and methodologies to analyse these data sets. This community group seeks to articulate the business and technical requirements for the Web Observatory.





P2P

Validation

Search

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swoogle - was a search engine for Semantic Web ontologies, documents, terms and data published on the Web. Swoogle employed a system of crawlers to discover RDF documents and HTML documents with embedded RDF content. Swoogle reasoned about these documents and their constituent parts (e.g., terms and triples) and recorded and indexed meaningful metadata about them in its database. Swoogle provided services to human users through a browser interface and to software agents via RESTful web services. Several techniques were used to rank query results inspired by the PageRank algorithm developed at Google but adapted to the semantics and use patterns found in semantic web documents.



Clustering

Access control

See also Open social#WebID

S4AC

  • S4AC Vocabulary Specification - (Social Semantic SPARQL Security for Access Control) is a lightweight vocabulary to create fine-grained access control policies for Linked Data. The vocabulary has the aim to design and share security information specifying the access control conditions under which the data is accessible. Implementations are free to extend S4AC to add further functionalities.

PROV

  • PROV-Overview - An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents, W3C Working Group Note 30 April 2013. Provenance is information about entities, activities, and people involved in producing a piece of data or thing, which can be used to form assessments about its quality, reliability or trustworthiness. The PROV Family of Documents defines a model, corresponding serializations and other supporting definitions to enable the inter-operable interchange of provenance information in heterogeneous environments such as the Web. This document provides an overview of this family of documents.
  • PROV Model Primer - This document provides an intuitive introduction and guide to the PROV Data Model for provenance interchange on the web. PROV defines a core data model for provenance for building representations of the entities, people and processes involved in producing a piece of data or thing in the world. This primer explains the fundamental PROV concepts and provides examples of its use. The primer is intended as a starting point for those wishing to create or use PROV data.


Software



rdflint

rdf.sh

Ruby Distiller

  • Ruby Distiller - a Ruby Gem implementing RDF graphs, readers and writers to help integrate semantic technologies into Ruby projects. The distiller implements different commands, accepting different file inputs and options.

Protégé

  • protégé - a free, open-source platform that provides a growing user community with a suite of tools to construct domain models and knowledge-based applications with ontologies.
  • VOWL Plugin for Protégé - a Protégé plugin for the user-oriented visualization of ontologies. It implements the Visual Notation for OWL Ontologies (VOWL) by providing graphical depictions for elements of the Web Ontology Language (OWL) that are combined to a force-directed graph layout representing the ontology. ProtégéVOWL is based on VOWL 2, which focuses on the visualization of the ontology schema (i.e., the classes, properties and datatypes, also known as TBox).

RDF Gravity

  • RDF Gravity - a tool for visualising RDF/OWL Graphs/ ontologies. Its main features are: Graph Visualization, Global and Local Filters (enabling specific views on a graph), Full text Search, Generating views from RDQL Queries, Visualising multiple RDF files, RDF Gravity is implemented by using the JUNG Graph API and Jena semantic web toolkit.

visualRDF

SWOOP


Annotea

  • Annotea - a W3C LEAD (Live Early Adoption and Demonstration) project under Semantic Web Advanced Development (SWAD). Annotea enhances collaboration via shared metadata based Web annotations, bookmarks, and their combinations. By annotations we mean comments, notes, explanations, or other types of external remarks that can be attached to any Web document or a selected part of the document without actually needing to touch the document. When the user gets the document he or she can also load the annotations attached to it from a selected annotation server or several servers and see what his peer group thinks. Similarly shared bookmarks can be attached to Web documents to help organize them under different topics, to easily find them later, to help find related material and to collaboratively filter bookmarked material.Annotea is open; it uses and helps to advance W3C standards when possible. For instance, we use an RDF based annotation schema for describing annotations as metadata and XPointer for locating the annotations in the annotated document. Similarly a bookmark schema describes the bookmark and topic metadata.Annotea is part of the Semantic Web efforts. It provides a RDF metadata based extendible framework for rich communication about Web pages while offering a simple annotation and bookmark user interface. The annotation metadata can be stored locally or in one or more annotation servers and presented to the user by a client capable of understanding this metadata and capable of interacting with an annotation server with the HTTP service protocol.

Amaya

  • Amaya - a Web editor, i.e. a tool used to create and update documents directly on the Web. Browsing features are seamlessly integrated with the editing and remote access features in a uniform environment. This follows the original vision of the Web as a space for collaboration and not just a one-way publishing medium.Work on Amaya started at W3C in 1996 to showcase Web technologies in a fully-featured Web client. The main motivation for developing Amaya was to provide a framework that can integrate as many W3C technologies as possible. It is used to demonstrate these technologies in action while taking advantage of their combination in a single, consistent environment.Amaya started as an HTML + CSS style sheets editor. Since that time it was extended to support XML and an increasing number of XML applications such as the XHTML family, MathML, and SVG. It allows all those vocabularies to be edited simultaneously in compound documents.

Libs

  • https://github.com/bbcrd/rdfsim - Python library helps generating a vector space from very large hierarchies encoded in RDF. An obvious example application is to generate a vector space from a SKOS hierarchy or an RDFS subclass hierarchy.


  • Raptor RDF Syntax Library - a free software / Open Source C library that provides a set of parsers and serializers that generate Resource Description Framework (RDF) triples by parsing syntaxes or serialize the triples into a syntax. The supported parsing syntaxes are RDF/XML, N-Quads, N-Triples 1.0 and 1.1, TRiG, Turtle 2008 and 2013, RDFa 1.0 and 1.1, RSS tag soup including all versions of RSS, Atom 1.0 and 0.3, GRDDL and microformats for HTML, XHTML and XML. The serializing syntaxes are RDF/XML (regular, abbreviated, XMP), Turtle 2013, N-Quads, N-Triples 1.1, Atom 1.0, RSS 1.0, GraphViz DOT, HTML, JSON and mKR.


banana-rdf

  • https://github.com/banana-rdf/banana-rdf - a library for RDF, SPARQL and Linked Data technologies in Scala.It can be used with existing libraries without any added cost. There is no wrapping involved: you manipulate directly the real objects. We currently support Jena, Sesame and Plantain, a pure Scala implementation.

Rhizomik

  • Rhizomik - The ReDeFer project is a compendium of RDF-aware utilities organised in a set of packages: RDF2HTML+RDFa: render a piece of RDF/XML as HTML+RDFa. XSD2OWL: transform an XML Schema into an OWL Ontology. CS2OWL: transform a MPEG-7 Classification Scheme into an OWL Ontology. XML2RDF: transform a piece of XML into RDF. RDF2SVG: render a piece of RDF/XML as a SVG showing the corresponding graph.

Serd

  • Serd - a lightweight C library for RDF syntax which supports reading and writing Turtle, TRiG, NTriples, and NQuads. Serd is suitable for performance-critical or resource-limited applications, such as serialising very large data sets, network protocols, or embedded systems that require minimal dependencies and lightweight deployment.

Sord

  • Sord - a lightweight C library for storing RDF data in memory.

PHP

  • ARC2 - a PHP 5.3 library for working with RDF. It also provides a MySQL-based triplestore with SPARQL support. Feature-wise, ARC2 is now in a stable state with no further feature additions planned. Issues are still being fixed and Pull Requests are welcome, though.
  • EasyRdf - A PHP library designed to make it easy to consume and produce RDF. Symfony.

Python

JavaScript

  • RDF/JS: Data model specification - This document provides a specification of a low level interface definition representing RDF data independent of a serialized format in a JavaScript environment. The task force which defines this interface was formed by RDF JavaScript library developers with the wish to make existing and future libraries interoperable. This definition strives to provide the minimal necessary interface to enable interoperability of libraries such as serializers, parsers and higher level accessors and manipulators.



Tools

  • RDF Translator - a multi-format conversion tool for structured markup. It provides translations between data formats ranging from RDF/XML to RDFa or Microdata. The service allows for conversions triggered either by URI or by direct text input. Furthermore it comes with a straightforward REST API for developers.


  • Simple javascript RDF Parser and query thingy - designed to run in a web-browser or SVG browser, allowing you to process RDF on the client. The parser isn't complete, there's no support for various bits of the spec, and isn't all that fast, especially with large XML/RDF files. I've found it quite useful though for simple querying.



  • RDFaCE - A Semantic content editor based on TinyMCE WYSIWYG editor. RDFaCE is created as a proof of concept for WYSIWYM (What You See Is What You Mean) concept. WYSIWYM aims to enable end-users to easily annotate their content using RDFa and Microdata markups. RDFaCE employs external NLP APIs to suggest namespaces, properties, URIs and to automatically annotate content.


  • W3C: ConverterToRdf - converts application data from an application-specific format into RDF for use with RDF tools and integration with other data. Converters may be part of a one-time migration effort, or part of a running system which provides a semantic web view of a given application.


  • Redland - a set of free software C libraries that provide support for the Resource Description Framework (RDF).
    • Raptor is a free software / Open Source C library that provides a set of parsers and serializers that generate Resource Description Framework (RDF) triples by parsing syntaxes or serialize the triples into a syntax. The supported parsing syntaxes are RDF/XML, N-Quads, N-Triples, TRiG, Turtle, RDFa 1.0 and 1.1, RSS tag soup including all versions of RSS, Atom 1.0 and 0.3, GRDDL and microformats for HTML, XHTML and XML. The serializing syntaxes are RDF/XML (regular, and abbreviated), Atom 1.0, GraphViz, JSON, N-Quads, N-Triples, RSS 1.0 and XMP.


  • rdfstore-js is a pure Javascript implementation of a RDF graph store with support for the SPARQL query and data manipulation language. node.js


  • CumulusRDF - an RDF store on cloud-based architectures. CumulusRDF provides a REST-based API with CRUD operations to manage RDF data. The current version uses Apache Cassandra as storage backend. A previous version is built on Google's AppEngine. CumulusRDF is licensed under GNU Affero General Public License.



  • Graphite - a PHP Library, built on top of ARC2, to make it easy to do stuff with RDF data really quickly, without having to naff around with databases. It is not intended to be scalable, or a way of authoring RDF data. [
  • Q&D RDF Browser is powered by Graphite and ARC2 and hosted by ECS at the University of Southampton.



  • prefix.cc - namespace lookup for RDF developers





Tabulator


RWW.IO

  • RWW.IO - a personal Linked Data store, intended to be used as a backend service for your Linked Data applications, and it supports the latest standards and recommendations: RDF, JSON-LD, SPARQL 1.1 Update, WebID. All data stores (endpoints) interpret the HTTP request URI as the base URI for RDF operations and the default-graph URI for SPARQL operations. When using the service as a backend, you need to follwo two basic rules: Specify the media type of your request data with a Content-Type HTTP header. Specify your response type preference with an Accept HTTP header.

LYRASIS

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrasis - created in April 2009 from the merger of SOLINET and PALINET, two US based library networks. NELINET, the New England library network, also merged into LYRASIS in late 2009. In January 2011, the Bibliographical Center for Research, Denver, CO (BCR) phased out operations and joined LYRASIS.

Other

See also MediaWiki#Semantic


  • Apache Jena - A free and open source Java framework for building Semantic Web and Linked Data applications.


  • PublishMyData is a Linked Data publishing platform. It lets you serve your 5-star Open Data on the web in a format that’s easy to understand, but it’s also machine readable so data experts can exploit it.








  • URIBurner - A data virtualization service that transforms data hosted in a variety of data spaces and formats into standards compliant Linked Data Objects for uniform access, integration and management. The underlying technology is Virtuoso's in-built Linked Data Middleware (aka Sponger) that uses URLs as data source names for its powerful data ingestion and transformation services that result in highly navigable Linked Data Object graphs. Post transformation, each Data Object is endowed with a dereferenceable identifier (Name) that resolves to its actual representation via its URL (Address). The Sponger then re-presents Data Object descriptions via HTML documents (the default behavior) or in a variety of raw data graph forms that include: CSV, N-Triples, Turtle, N3, RDF/XML, JSON, CXML, OData (Atom and JSON) etc.








  • CubicWeb Semantic Web Framework - a semantic web application framework, licensed under the LGPL, that empowers developers to efficiently build web applications by reusing components (called cubes) and following the well known object-oriented design principles.Its main features are: an engine driven by the explicit data model of the application, a query language named RQL similar to W3C’s SPARQL, a selection+view mechanism for semi-automatic XHTML/XML/JSON/text generation, a library of reusable components (data model and views) that fulfill common needs, the power and flexibility of the Python programming language, the reliability of SQL databases, LDAP directories, Subversion and Mercurial for storage backends.





Other

Life sciences


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