Organising
Knowledge
a big mess. to reorder and fx with others
See also Being#Understanding, Learning, Design, Politics, Web systems, Startups#Management, Technology
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge - a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, communication, and reasoning; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human beings.
See also Free/open
- YouTube: Pierre Lévy on Collective Intelligence Literacy - Howard Rheingold, 2011, 13:36
- YouTube: Pierre Lévy talks about Collective Intelligence at Senac - 2014, 1:33:49
"point is to augment reflexivity" [1]
- YouTube: MIT Communications Forum: Collective Intelligence - 2007
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_transfer - refers to sharing or disseminating of knowledge and providing inputs to problem solving. In organizational theory, knowledge transfer is the practical problem of transferring knowledge from one part of the organization to another. Like knowledge management, knowledge transfer seeks to organize, create, capture or distribute knowledge and ensure its availability for future users. It is considered to be more than just a communication problem.
- How to focus in the age of distraction
- Domain Knowledge or a Lack Thereof
- I Fucking Google Everything
- http://www.robustperception.io/the-first-step-is-to-document/
- Haystack Group - MIT Research on Information Access, Analysis, Management, and Distribution Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Our goal is to make it easier for people to collect, organize, find, visualize, and share their information. We are an interdisciplinary group of researchers blending approaches from human-computer interaction, social computing, databases, web infrastructure, information retrieval, artificial intelligence and the semantic web.
Documentation
See Documents, SaaS#Office, Wiki, Social web#Collaborative documentation, Platforms
Notes
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note-taking - is the practice of recording information captured from another source. By taking notes, the writer records the essence of the information, freeing their mind from having to recall everything. Notes are commonly drawn from a transient source, such as an oral discussion at a meeting, or a lecture (notes of a meeting are usually called minutes), in which case the notes may be the only record of the event. Note taking is a form of self discipline.
- WikiBooks: Note Taking For Students
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomnema - also spelled hupomnema, is a Greek word with several translations into English including a reminder, a note, a public record, a commentary, an anecdotal record, a draft, a copy, and other variations on those terms.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_PDA - dead tree media
- http://techtransfer.tufts.edu/resources/tufts-policies/lab-notebooks/
- National Institutes of Health (US), Office of Intramural Training and Education’s Webinar on Keeping a Lab Notebook
- https://github.com/galfarragem/superfolder - an ultra-simple system loosely inspired in GTD, Todo.txt (notes on TXT files), Bullet journal (notes on paper), index cards, Inbox and Desktop zero.
Evernote
Extensions
- Chrome: Evernote Web Clipper
Software clients
- http://www.geeknote.me/ - cli
- http://nevernote.sourceforge.net - NixNote
Other
- MindRaider is personal notebook and outliner. It aims to connect the tradition of outline editors with emerging technologies. MindRaider mission is to help you in organization of your knowledge and associated web, local and real world resources in a way that enables quick navigation, concise representation and inferencing.
- KeepNote is a note taking application that works on Windows, Linux, and MacOS X. With KeepNote, you can store your class notes, TODO lists, research notes, journal entries, paper outlines, etc in a simple notebook hierarchy with rich-text formatting, images, and more. Using full-text search, you can retrieve any note for later reference.
- TreeSheets - Free form data organizer. The ultimate replacement for spreadsheets, mind mappers, outliners, PIMs, text editors and small databases. Suitable for any kind of data organization, such as Todo lists, calendars, project management, brainstorming, organizing ideas, planning, requirements gathering, presentation of information, etc. It's like a spreadsheet, immediately familiar, but much more suitable for complex data because it's hierarchical. It's like a mind mapper, but more organized and compact. It's like an outliner, but in more than one dimension. It's like a text editor, but with structure.
- Tomboy is a desktop note-taking application for Linux, Unix, Windows, and Mac OS X. Simple and easy to use, but with potential to help you organize the ideas and information you deal with every day.
- https://github.com/Azeirah/brainstorm - Project-brainstorm is a multi-purpose note-taking application which excells at free writing, prototyping, serious microblogging, task lists and even cheat sheets
- https://github.com/cpbotha/nvpy - Simplenote syncing note-taking application, inspired by Notational Velocity and ResophNotes, but uglier and cross-platformerer.
Journals
- RedNotebook is a modern journal. It includes a calendar navigation, customizable templates, export functionality and word clouds. You can also format, tag and search your entries. RedNotebook is Free Software under the GPL.
- jrnl is a simple journal application for your command line. Journals are stored as human readable plain text files - you can put them into a Dropbox folder for instant syncing and you can be assured that your journal will still be readable in 2050, when all your fancy iPad journal applications will long be forgotten.
Lists
See also #Todo lists
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumeration - a complete, ordered listing of all the items in a collection
- A Life-Saving Checklist - If something so simple can transform intensive care, what else can it do? 2007
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Checklist_Manifesto - tl;dr - rise in doctors using checklists to not hurt/kill people
- https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/visualstudioalmrangers/2016/11/04/the-secret-sauce-to-managing-our-backlog-and-todo-lists/ [9]
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listicle - a portmanteau derived from list and article.
Services
Outlines
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_(list) - also called an hierarchical outline, is a list arranged to show hierarchical relationships and is a type of tree structure. It is used to present the main points or topics of a given subject, often used as a rough draft or summary of the content of a document. Preparation of an outline is an intermediate step in the process of writing a scholarly research paper, literature review, thesis or dissertation. A special kind of outline (integrated outline) incorporates scholarly sources into the outline before the writing begins. Writers of fiction and creative nonfiction, such as Jon Franklin, may use outlines to establish plot sequence, character development and dramatic flow of a story, sometimes in conjunction with free writing.
- Wikipedia's contents: Outlines - a summary of the world's knowledge, in the form of an outline. Each subject in turn links to an outline that summarizes that subject. Together, these outlines also form a multipage site map of Wikipedia.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outliner - a computer program that allows text to be organized into discrete sections that are related in a tree structure or hierarchy. Text may be collapsed into a node, or expanded and edited. Outliners are typically used for computer programming, collecting or organizing ideas, as personal information management or for project management. Mind mappers and wikis are related types of software.
Fargo
- Fargo is a simple idea outliner, notepad, todo list, project organizer. Fargo files are stored in Dropbox. We only need to access a single sub-folder folder. We do not need access to your entire Dropbox (we don't want the responsibility), or any of your existing files. You can easily disconnect if you don't want to continue using Fargo.
Workflowy
- https://workflowy.com/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSmbnaPZVHE
- Everything Is a List - "The genius of WorkFlowy, the note-taking app that changed the way I organize my life."
- http://colemanfoley.quora.com/Mind-Mapping-with-WorkFlowy
vimflowy
Checkvist
- Checkvist - Minimalist keyboard driven online outliner and task manager for teams and individuals. Capture your ideas and notes, create checklists and plans, share with colleagues, and get everything done — together.
Outliner of Giants
- Outliner of Giants is a feature rich outline processor designed to support the creation and management of large corpuses of information, such as those generated by students, researchers, writers and project managers.
Leo
Outspline
- Outspline - a free and open-source modular outliner whose functionality can be extended with addons. The most important addon is Organism, which adds advanced time management features and turns the application into a personal organizer, perfectly suited for working with todo lists, scheduling tasks and reminding events.
Read later
See also Social web#Social bookmarking
wallabag
- wallabag - a self hostable application for saving web pages: Save and classify articles. Read them later. Freely.
OhMyPocket
Personal information management
See also Security#Passwords
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_management - practice and the study of the activities people perform in order to acquire, organize, maintain, retrieve and use personal information items such as documents (paper-based and digital), web pages and email messages for everyday use to complete tasks (work-related or not) and fulfill a person’s various roles
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_manager - facilitates the recording, tracking, and management of certain types of "personal information".
- Leanote - Brief But Not Simple. Knowledge, Blog, Sharing, Cooperation... all in leanote
- Kontact Suite - The Powerful PIM Solution. Handle your email, calendar, contacts and other personal data with Kontact. Kontact groups everything together in one place and helps you manage your communications, organize your day and work with your colleagues. Become more productive with Kontact.
Reference management
See also New media#Social bookmarking, Learning#Citation management
- list.it is a simple, free and open-source note-keeping tool to help you manage the tons of little information bits you need to keep track of each day.
- Papers helps you collect and curate the research material that you're passionate about. This award winning reference manager will improve the way you find, organize, read, cite and share.
- Polar Bookshelf - A powerful offline browser for Mac, Windows, and Linux for managing all your web content, books, and notes. Polar keeps all your content in one place, supports tagging, annotation, highlighting and keeps track of your reading progress. [14]
- https://github.com/jarun/Buku - bookmark Bookmark manager like a text-based mini-web
- TagSpaces - an offline, open source, data manager. It helps you to browse and organize your files. Cross-platform file tagging, annotation and finding.
Information mapping
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_map
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_Map
- Exploratree is a free web resource where you can access a library of ready-made interactive thinking guides, print them, edit them or make your own. You can share them and work on them in groups too. The Exploratree web resource has been developed by Futurelab and emerged out of our work on the Enquiring Minds project. It provides a series of ready-made interactive 'thinking guides' or 'frameworks' which can support students' projects and research.
Tools
- FreeMind is a premier free mind-mapping software written in Java. The recent development has hopefully turned it into high productivity tool. We are proud that the operation and navigation of FreeMind is faster than that of MindManager because of one-click "fold / unfold" and "follow link" operations.
- SharedMind is a collaborative version of FreeMind mind mapping software.
- XMind is the most professional and popular mind mapping tool. Free version is open source.
- Text2MindMap - Online tool for making mindmaps by writing indented lists [17]
- Semantik - a mind-mapping application for KDE that helps creating documents such as reports or presentations. Mind-maps are edited either as flat trees (linear view on the left) or in two dimensions (center). Each node on the map can be associated with tables, text, pictures or diagrams (botton level). Maps are then converted to "flat" documents such as presentations or reports using document generators. This enables the rapid creation of technical documentation in the LaTeX, OpenOffice or Html format.
Knowledge domain mapping
See also Visualisation#Semantic Web and Linked Data
Management and science
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)
Curation
Library
- Library Success - A Best Practices Wiki, created to be a one-stop shop for great ideas and information for all types of librarians. All over the world, librarians are developing successful programs and doing innovative things with technology that no one outside of their library knows about. There are lots of great blogs out there sharing information about the profession, but there is no one place where all of this information is collected and organized.
- Open Library is an open, editable library catalog, building towards a web page for every book ever published. More
Just like Wikipedia, you can contribute new information or corrections to the catalog. You can browse by subject, author or lists members have created.
- LibrarySpot.com - a free virtual library resource center for educators and students, librarians and their patrons, families, businesses and just about anyone exploring the Web for valuable research information.
Archivism
Future
- Vimeo: The Humane Representation of Thought from Bret Victor
"explaining and convincing through reasoning and rhetoric, instead of the newer tools of evidence and explorable(?) models. we want a medium that supports that."
to sort
Collaboration
to redo
See also Living, Mind#Communication, Learning, Politics, Being#Listening
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization - an entity comprising multiple people, such as an institution or an association, that has a collective goal and is linked to an external environment. The word is derived from the Greek word organon, which means "organ"
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration - occurs when two or more people or organizations work together to realize or achieve a goal. Collaboration is very similar to cooperation. Most collaboration requires leadership, although the form of leadership can be social within a decentralized and egalitarian group. Teams that work collaboratively can obtain greater resources, recognition and reward when facing competition for finite resources.
Structured methods of collaboration encourage introspection of behavior and communication. These various methods specifically aim to increase the success of teams as they engage in collaborative problem solving. Collaboration is also present in opposing goals exhibiting the notion of adversarial collaboration, though this is not a common case for using the word.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_studies
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_communication
- Turbulance: Network organisation for the 21st century - Harry Halpin and Kay Summer - "future movements must consciously try to avoid two distinct fates: either the dissolution into a decentralised network of loose clusters of relatively isolated groups, movements and individuals – the fate of the summit-hopping phase of the movement of movements – or a decline towards a centralised network of cadres, which severely damaged the movement in the Sixties. Our lines of flight from these dead-ends consist in wilfully pushing ourselves to learn from successful networks and evolve towards a mature distributed network with abundant hubs and a powerful long tail: a movement with both mass participation and dynamic hubs of people and events, capable of evolving and responding rapidly to a fast-changing world."
- Loomio - a collaborative decision-making tool that makes it easy for anyone to participate in decisions which affect them.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_democracy - the application of democracy in all its forms (including voting systems, debates, democratic structuring, due process, adversarial process, systems of appeal) to the workplace
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_is_not_a_commodity - the principle expressed in the preamble to the International Labour Organization's founding documents. It expresses the view that people should not be treated like inanimate commodities, capital, another mere factor of production, or resources. Instead, people who work for a living should be treated as human beings, and accorded dignity and respect.
- Peeragogy is a collection of techniques for collaborative learning and collaborative work. By learning how to “work smart” together, we hope to leave the world in a better state than it was when we arrived. Indeed, humans have always learned from each other. But for a long time — until the advent of the Web and widespread access to digital media — schools have had an effective monopoly on the business of learning. Now, with access to open educational resources and free or inexpensive communication platforms, groups of people can learn together outside as well as inside formal institutions. All of this prompted us to reconsider the meaning of “peer learning.”
- Archive.org: Communications Primer [19]
- http://journal.burningman.org/2016/10/philosophical-center/tenprinciples/a-brief-history-of-who-ruined-burning-man/ [20]
Cooperative
See Living#Cooperative, Politics#Cooperative
- Powercube.net contains practical and conceptual materials to help us think about how to respond to power relations within organisations and in wider social and political spaces. This resource is a collective effort, please contact us if you have something to contribute and share with others interested in power analysis.
- Expressions of Power - Power is often defined only in negative terms, and as a form of domination, Power Over but it can also be a positive force, Power With, Power To, Power Within, for individual and collective capacity to act for change. Lisa VeneKlasen and Valeries Miller describee these four ‘expressions of power’ in A New Weave of Power (2002, page 55).
- Poetry Foundation: So You Want to Open a Small Press Bookstore/Artist-Run Space? A Cautionary Tale by Noel Black - [21]
Patterns
See also Living#Patterns, Computing#Patterns
- Patterns of Software - Tales from the Software Community, Richard P. Gabriel with foreward by Christopher Alexander
- Group Works - deck of 100 full-colour cards (91 patterns + 9 category cards) names what skilled facilitators and other participants do to make things work. The content is more specific than values and less specific than tips and techniques, cutting across existing methodologies with a designer's eye to capture the patterns that repeat. The deck can be used to plan sesssions, reflect on and debrief them, provide guidance, and share responsibility for making the process go well. It has the potential to provide a common reference point for practitioners, and serve as a framework and learning tool for those studying the field.The cards were created by more than fifty volunteers (the Group Pattern Language Project) from diverse organizational backgrounds who collaborated over three years to express the core wisdom at the heart of successful group sessions. The cards are accompanied by a 5-panel explanatory legend card and a booklet describing the deck's purpose, story, and ideas for suggested activities.
- Worse Is Better - Richard P. Gabriel. The concept known as "worse is better" holds that in software making (and perhaps in other arenas as well) it is better to start with a minimal creation and grow it as needed. Christopher Alexander might call this "piecemeal growth." This is the story of the evolution of that concept.
- http://blog.trello.com/avoid-social-loafing/ - 'don't do nothing', delegated and radical authority/ownership [22]
- http://blog.capwatkins.com/the-sliding-scale-of-giving-a-fuck [23]
- http://www.nature.com/articles/srep18634 [24]
- Liberating Voices Pattern Language - "Our mission is to help understand, motivate and inform the worldwide movement to establish full access to information and communication — including the design, development, and management of information and communication systems. We're working together to develop one or more "pattern languages" which can help people think about, design, develop, manage and use information and communication systems that more fully meet human needs now — and in the future."
- PURPLSOC - Pursuit of Pattern Languages for Societal Change
- Tree Bressen Group Facilitation - Organizational design centered in fulfilling your purpose. Holding space for accessing group wisdom through meetings and trainings that are lively, effective, and connecting. Balancing structure with flexibility, Tree creates high-quality process with clear results.
Anti-patterns
- http://brooklynoptimist.com/2014/04/10/hacker-school-banning-feigned-surprise-is-absolutely-brilliant/ [25]
Groups
- PDF: Buddy System Guidelines - "The selection decision is just the beginning of rewarding working relationships. Providing employees with the tools to successfully acclimate to an institutional culture ensures immediate benefits for both managers/supervisors as well as employees. Buddy systems engage employees at a pace that is productive and effective for individual and team success. This tool is designed to give guidelines for using the Buddy system to meet the specific orientation needs of you and your team.What is a Buddy? A Buddy is someone who partners with an employee during their employment transition. The Buddy’s role is to offer guidance and share experiences that support their new role and responsibilities at FIU."
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECE_principle - pronounced "meece", is a grouping principle for separating a set of items into subsets that are mutually exclusive (ME) and collectively exhaustive (CE). It was developed in the late 1960s by Barbara Minto at McKinsey & Company and is underlying her Minto Pyramid Principle, but is based on ideas going back as far as Aristotle.
Governance
- http://nos.ukces.org.uk/ National Occupational Standards (NOS) are statements of the standards of performance individuals must achieve when carrying out functions in the workplace, together with specifications of the underpinning knowledge and understanding.
- Governance and Organisational Structures - England and Wales
"The Governance Hub’s experience and research suggest that many trustees and management committee members would like greater reassurance and access to practical information about legal structures and their implications. We have frequently been asked to suggest resources that will help in this area. This is why we asked Co-operatives UK to revise and update their Governance and Participation toolkit, and make it more easily available by producing a shorter single document version of the legal and governance proles contained in the toolkit. This text is the result. It presents the most widely used legal forms and governance models that organisations can use, together with other relevant information. It has been updated to include the newer forms now available: community interest companies (CIC) and charitable incorporated organisations (CIO)."
Committee
- How Do Committees Invent? - Melvin E. Conway, 1968
- DIY Committee Guide - Whether you are a member of a management committee/board or working to support management committees, you will find this site full of useful resources.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_the_whole - a device in which a legislative body or other deliberative assembly is considered one large committee. All members of the legislative body are members of such a committee. This is usually done for the purposes of discussion and debate of the details of bills and other main motions.
Facilitation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitation_(business) - Facilitation in business, organizational development (OD), and in consensus decision-making refers to the process of designing and running a successful meeting.
- http://www.human-inquiry.com/cfh.pdf - 'The Complete Facilitator's Handbook', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heron
- http://www.virginia.edu/processsimplification/resources/Facilitator.pdf
- https://www.nationalcollege.org.uk/transfer/open/facilitation/fac-s2/fac-s2-t3.html
- http://www.seedsforchange.org.uk/facilitationmeeting
- YouTube: Benefits of Using a Meeting Facilitator - brief overview
- YouTube: What Do Facilitators Do
- YouTube: SIX STEPS: The facilitation cycle by Josef W. Seifert - one method
Consensus
See anarchism, horizontalism, etc. Politics
- YouTube: what is consensus?
- YouTube: Just do it - The Title of This Film was Reached by Consensus - Climate Camp. Handsignals.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement_hand_signals - a group of hand signals used by Occupy Wall Street protesters to negotiate a consensus. The signals have been equated with other hand languages used by soldiers, cliques, or even Wall Street traders. Hand signals are used instead of conventional audible signals, like applause, shouts, or booing, because they do not interrupt the speaker using the human microphone, a system where the front of the crowd repeats the speaker so that the content can be heard at the back of the crowd. Between sharing of information on Facebook, Twitter, and other news reports, the hand signals have become common at other Occupy movement protest locations. Some protesters go to neighboring groups to assist in teaching the hand signals along with other general cooperation. There are YouTube videos showing the hand signals, though the signals are not universal at all locations.
- YouTube: Consensus (Occupy Wallstreet)
- YouTube: Coming to Consensus (1/6)
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder_model - dutch government
- https://strawpoll.me/ - straw polls as not voting, just focusing attention. hard issues are still heard, maybe bracketed.
Delphi
Conflict resolution
Risk management
Safe spaces
- http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/46791.html - not safe
Discourse
See Being#Discourse, Being#Nonviolent communication #Structured debate
Transparency
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_transparency
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_transparency
- http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/10/why_radical_transparency_is_good_business.html
- http://www.businessinsider.com/radical-transparency-in-small-business-2013-1
- The New York Times: Happy ‘National Jealousy Day’! Finland Bares Its Citizens’ Taxes
Logistics
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics - the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet some requirements, of customers or corporations. The resources managed in logistics can include physical items, such as food, materials, animals, equipment and liquids, as well as abstract items, such as time, information, particles, and energy. The logistics of physical items usually involves the integration of information flow, material handling, production, packaging, inventory, transportation, warehousing, and often security. The complexity of logistics can be modeled, analyzed, visualized, and optimized by dedicated simulation software. The minimization of the use of resources is a common motivation in logistics for import and export. "the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.", a branch of engineering that creates "people systems" rather than "machine systems."
Leadership
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_leadership - both a leadership philosophy and set of leadership practices. Traditional leadership generally involves the accumulation and exercise of power by one at the “top of the pyramid.” By comparison, the servant-leader shares power, puts the needs of others first and helps people develop and perform as highly as possible.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentic_leadership - an approach to leadership that emphasizes building the leader’s legitimacy through honest relationships with followers which value their input and are built on an ethical foundation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_levels_of_leadership_model - a modern (2011) leadership model. Designed as a practical tool for developing a person’s leadership presence, knowhow and skill, it aims to summarize what leaders have to do, not only to bring leadership to their group or organization, but also to develop themselves technically and psychologically as leaders.
The first two levels – public and private leadership – are “outer” or “behavioral” levels. Scouller distinguished between the behaviors involved in influencing two or more people simultaneously (what he called “public leadership”) from the behavior needed to select and influence individuals one to one (which he called private leadership). He listed 34 distinct “public leadership” behaviors and a further 14 “private leadership” behaviors. The third level – personal leadership – is an “inner” level and concerns a person’s leadership presence, knowhow, skills, beliefs, emotions and unconscious habits. "At its heart is the leader’s self-awareness, his progress toward self-mastery and technical competence, and his sense of connection with those around him. It's the inner core, the source, of a leader’s outer leadership effectiveness.” (Scouller, 2011).
Safety
- Intrafocus: What is RIDDOR - A short Introduction - a summary of The United Kingdom Statute Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations or RIDDOR. It is not a definitive guide and should not be used as such. For full information see article references at the bottom of this page.
Task/project management
See also Development, Documents, Language#Software and services, Web systems, SaaS
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management - discipline of planning, organizing, securing, managing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals. A project is a temporary endeavor with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with ongoing business operations.
- Taiga.io - a project management platform for agile developers & designers and project managers who want a beautiful tool that makes work truly enjoyable.
Todo lists
"the BEST to-do list is the one you use"
- http://heydave.org/post/26770221775/my-productivity-system
- http://gettingresults.com/wiki/Getting_Started_with_Agile_Results
Todo.txt
- Todo.txt is a plain text file. To take advantage of structured task metadata like priority, projects, context, creation and completion date, there are a few simple but flexible file format rules. Philosophically, the Todo.txt file format has two goals: The file contents should be human-readable without requiring any tools other than a plain text viewer or editor; A user can manipulate the file contents in a plain text editor in sensible, expected ways. For example, a text editor that can sort lines alphabetically should be able to sort your task list in a meaningful way.
- https://github.com/ginatrapani/todo.txt-cli - A simple and extensible shell script for managing your todo.txt file.
DevTodo
- DevTodo - a small command line application for maintaining lists of tasks. It stores tasks hierarchically, with each task given one of five priority levels. Data is stored as JSON.
Emacs Org mode
See Emacs
- https://github.com/danielmagnussons/orgmode - for Sublime Text [38]
Android
Services
- Pinup - Sticky notes, corkboards, collaboration
- Deed - lets you keep track of things you plan to do - your deeds.
Getting Things Done
- https://gettingthingsdone.com - Capture, Clarify, Organise, Reflect, Engage
"You will have to make the following lists:
- In
- Next actions (probably several – more on that later)
- Waiting for
- Projects
- Some day/maybe
"These lists will be reviewed regularly and form the backbone of the GTD system. Their workings are described below. In addition to the lists you will need a calendar which lets you write down date and time sensitive tasks and events."
Counterpoints:
- Getting (Unremarkable) Things Done: The Problem With David Allen’s Universalism - "Allen preaches task universalism: when you get down to concrete actions, all work is created equal. Deep work cannot be reduced to clear next actions. It is, instead, a philosophy that must be cultivated. If you read Robert Greene’s Mastery, for example, you’ll encounter story after story of remarkable people who didn’t carefully organize tasks, but instead marshaled their energy toward the obsessive (and often messy) pursuit of something new."
Kanban
- YouTube: How To Use Trello To Be Super Productive In Your Business // Trello Tutorial // Kimberly Ann Jimenez
- YouTube: Helen Meek - Kanban. Back to Basics - LLKD16 - BCS Member Groups
Software
Kanboard
- Kanboard - a free and open source Kanban project management software.
- https://github.com/andresth/Kandroid - Android App for Kanboard.
Wekan
- Wekan - an completely Open Source and Free software collaborative kanban board application with MIT license.
to sort
- Kanbanik is a free and open source kanban board which can be used for personal kanban as well as for managing of small teams. Kanbanik is a Scala web application with a rich GWT frontend optimized for Google Chrome. For simple install & try there is a runtime for Windows and for Linux available which contains jetty, mongoDB and scripts to run the application with no additional configuration required.
- TaskBoard - Kanban-inspired app for keeping track of things that need to get done. The goal of TaskBoard is to provide a simple and clean interface to a functional and minimal application for keeping track of tasks. It's not trying to be the next Trello or LeanKit.
- tyto - an extensible and customizable management and organisation tool [42] - uses browser localstorage
- Lavagna - an open-source issue/project management tool designed for small teams. Lightweight, easy to install, easy to use.
- https://github.com/ncarlier/libreboard - An open-source Trello clone
- https://github.com/coderofsalvation/kanban.bash - commandline asciii kanban board for minimalist productivity bash hackers (csv-based)
- https://github.com/smallhadroncollider/taskell - A CLI task manager, written in Haskell. Tasks stored in a json file in the current working directory - for easy version control. Uses vim style key-bindings.
- https://github.com/klauscfhq/taskbook - Tasks, boards & notes for the command-line habitat. By utilizing a simple and minimal usage syntax, that requires a flat learning curve, taskbook enables you to effectively manage your tasks and notes across multiple boards from within your terminal. All data are written atomically to the storage in order to prevent corruptions, and are never shared with any third party entities. Deleted items are automatically archived and can be inspected or restored at any moment. [43]
- Taskell - Command-line Kanban board/task manager with support for Trello boards and GitHub projects
- https://github.com/thenativeweb/wolkenkit-boards - a tool for collaboratively organizing notes. [44]
Services
Trello
Example boards:
- Chrome Web Store: Slim Lists for Trello - Shows you more lists in Trello by reducing the width of lists in Trello by up to 50%
google-chrome-stable --app=https://trello.com/b/yourboardaddresshere # launch trello in chrome in kiosk mode. assign this to a keyboard shortcut.
- https://github.com/danielchatfield/trello-desktop - electron wrapper
Pivotal Tracker
- YouTube: Pivotal Tracker intro
- pv - a command-line tool that views and edits the Pivotal Tracker stories that have been assigned to you in the My Work pane. It's scoped to just your work, and pv was definitely designed from the perspective of developers working on a project, not project managers who are managing those developers. My opinion is that Pivotal Tracker's UI was designed primarily for people like that, so this shell tool is simply a different way of seeing that, geared more towards developers who don't need to see the scope of the whole project every time they want to check up on their stories.
Index card
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_card - (or system card in Australian English) consists of card stock (heavy paper) cut to a standard size, used for recording and storing small amounts of discrete data. A collection of such cards either serves as, or aids the creation of, an index for expedited lookup of information (such as a library catalog or a back-of-the-book index). This system was invented by Carl Linnaeus, around 1760.
The most common size for index cards in North America and UK is 3 by 5 inches (76.2 by 127.0 mm), hence the common name 3-by-5 card. Other sizes widely available include 4 by 6 inches (101.6 by 152.4 mm), 5 by 8 inches (127.0 by 203.2 mm) and ISO-size A7 (74 by 105 mm or 2.9 by 4.1 in). Cards are available in blank, ruled and grid styles in a variety of colors. Special divider cards with protruding tabs and a variety of cases and trays to hold the cards are also sold by stationers and office product companies. They are part of standard stationery...ed by indexing software in the 1980s and 1990s. An often suggested organization method for bibliographical use is to use the smaller 3-inch by 5-inch cards to record the title and citation information of works cited, while using larger cards for recording quotes or other data. Index cards are used for many events and are helpful for planning.
Until the digitization of library catalogs, which began in the 1980s, the primary tool used to locate books was the card catalog, in which every book was described on three cards, filed alphabetically under its title, author, and subject (if non-fiction). Similar catalogs were used by law firms and other entities to organize large quantities of stored documents. However, the adoption of standard cataloging protocols throughout nations with international agreements, along with the rise of the Internet and the conversion of cataloging systems to digital storage and retrieval, has made obsolescent the widespread use of index cards for cataloging.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge-notched_card - or edge-punched cards are an obsolete technology used to store a small amount of binary or logical data on paper index cards, encoded via the presence or absence of notches in the edges of the cards.[1] The notches allowed efficient sorting and selecting of specific cards matching multiple desired criteria, from a larger number of cards in a paper-based database of information. In the mid-20th century they were also known by commercial names such as Cope-Chat cards, E-Z Sort cards, and McBee Keysort cards.
- Pile of Index Cards - some simple principles to keep stress-free accumulation of information by using Index Cards and a box called “Dock“. I call it “Pile of Index Cards“, or more simply “PoIC“. As a number of cards grow, the system become own knowledge database. Then we are ready to reproduce higher wisdom. I write this blog not in Japanese, my mother language, but in English because I would like to share information and experience with people all around the world. Comment, question, suggestion on my flickr pictures, blog articles, and wiki is all time welcome.
to sort
- http://www.projectlibre.org/ - oss ms project
- http://strikeapp.com/ - v. simply todo service
- Holly - Task tracking for nerds. Holly is TODO lists with an interface for the tech-savvy. If you aren't into code and text editors this will make you cry.
- DropTask - Visual Task Management for Individuals and Teams
- TaskFreak - Original is a simple but efficient web based task manager written in PHP. Getting Things Done based.
RTM, etc.
untried;
- https://www.blossom.io/ - $, lean kanban
- Wekan - The open-source Trello-like kanban.
- Kanboard - a project management software that use the Kanban methodology
- Taskwarrior - What's next? - Free and Open Source Software that manages your TODO list from the command line. It is flexible, fast, and unobtrusive. It does its job then gets out of your way.
Phabricator
- https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/11/24/welcome-to-phabricator-wikimedias-new-collaboration-platform/ [54]
Taiga
- Taiga.io - a project management platform for agile developers & designers and project managers who want a beautiful tool that makes work truly enjoyable.
To sort
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_cybernetics - the application of cybernetics to management and organizations. "Management cybernetics" was first introduced by Stafford Beer in the late 1950s. Beer developed the theory through a combination of practical applications and a series of influential books. The practical applications involved steel production, publishing and operations research in a large variety of different industries.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system - an information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help people make decisions about problems that may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance—i.e. unstructured and semi-structured decision problems. Decision support systems can be either fully computerized or human-powered, or a combination of both.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cybersyn - was a Chilean project from 1971–1973 during the presidency of Salvador Allende aimed at constructing a distributed decision support system to aid in the management of the national economy. The project consisted of four modules: an economic simulator, custom software to check factory performance, an operations room, and a national network of telex machines that were linked to one mainframe computer.
- http://www.lengrand.fr/2012/10/my-almost-perfect-setup-to-stay-focused/
- http://stackoverflow.hewgill.com/questions/787/56.html
- http://blog.vivekhaldar.com/post/28465017852/productivity-porn
- http://spotbloq.blogspot.de/2012/08/true-do-idea.html
- http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2012/10/todont.html
uncons, bar/foo camps, cons, etc.
- http://questhub.io/ - social
- Socialism and the Blockchain - Steve Huckle and Martin White. "Bitcoin (BTC) is often cited as Libertarian. However, the technology underpinning Bitcoin, blockchain, has properties that make it ideally suited to Socialist paradigms. Current literature supports the Libertarian viewpoint by focusing on the ability of Bitcoin to bypass central authority and provide anonymity; rarely is there an examination of blockchain technology’s capacity for decentralised transparency and auditability in support of a Socialist model. This paper conducts a review of the blockchain, Libertarianism, and Socialist philosophies. It then explores Socialist models of public ownership and looks at the unique cooperative properties of blockchain that make the technology ideal for supporting Socialist societies. In summary, this paper argues that blockchain technologies are not just a Libertarian tool, they also enhance Socialist forms of governance."
- Colony - a new kind of blockchain based organization. It could be a community project, a company, or a non-profit — your imagination is the only limit.Every colony has its own token. You earn tokens by doing work. The more tokens you hold, the more of the colony you own.Tokens let you stake your ownership on your good judgement when proposing tasks, or claiming someone should be paid.
- Peerdom - an ecosystem of digital tools and a network of passionate supporters that helps organisations evolve as a decentralized, values-based collective of peers.
Process
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoria - awareness, consideration, speculation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiesis - production, poetry
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_(process) - process by which a theory, lesson, or skill is enacted, practised, embodied, or realised.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_practice
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GxP - Good [something] Practice. "Good Current Practice" also used.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_delivery_method - a system used by an agency or owner for organizing and financing design, construction, operations, and maintenance services for a structure or facility by entering into legal agreements with one or more entities or parties.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_project_control
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_breakdown_structure
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_factor - total number of key developers who would need to be incapacitated (for example, by getting hit by a bus/truck) to send the project into such disarray that it would not be able to proceed [56]
Lean
Kaizen
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizen - Japanese meaing 'continual improvement', process used at Toyota
Action method
- Action steps
- References
- Backburner items
Six Sigma
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Sigma - a set of techniques and tools for process improvement. It was developed by Motorola in 1986. Jack Welch made it central to his business strategy at General Electric in 1995. Today, it is used in many industrial sectors.
Six Sigma seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of defects (errors) and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes. It uses a set of quality management methods, including statistical methods, and creates a special infrastructure of people within the organization ("Champions", "Black Belts", "Green Belts", "Yellow Belts", etc.) who are experts in these methods. Each Six Sigma project carried out within an organization follows a defined sequence of steps and has quantified value targets, for example: reduce process cycle time, reduce pollution, reduce costs, increase customer satisfaction, and increase profits.
The term Six Sigma originated from terminology associated with manufacturing, specifically terms associated with statistical modeling of manufacturing processes. The maturity of a manufacturing process can be described by a sigma rating indicating its yield or the percentage of defect-free products it creates. A six sigma process is one in which 99.99966% of the products manufactured are statistically expected to be free of defects (3.4 defective parts/million), although, as discussed below, this defect level corresponds to only a 4.5 sigma level. Motorola set a goal of "six sigma" for all of its manufacturing operations, and this goal became a by-word for the management and engineering practices used to achieve it.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMAIC - Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control
Certifications
PRINCE2
PMP
- http://www.pmi.org/Certification/Project-Management-Professional-PMP.aspx
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Management_Professional
Scale
Online
- The Cluetrain Manifesto - full original book
- Loomio - collaborative decision-making tool that makes it easy for anyone to participate in decisions which affect them.
Talking circle
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_stick - also called a speaker's staff, talking piece, etc., is passed around from member to member allowing only the person holding the stick to speak. This enables all those present at a council meeting to be heard, especially those who may be shy; consensus can force the stick to move along to assure that the "long winded" don't dominate the discussion; and the person holding the stick may allow others to interject.
- YouTube: Stephen Covey on the Indian Talking Stick
- YouTube: How to Conduct Talking Circles - traditional
- YouTube: A Dakota Elder Remembers the Camp Circle. the Elders & Way of Life in the 1920's
Circle method
- http://www.circleway.org/circleway.html - a leader in every chair
- guardian = facilitator in a way, watches time and mood
- http://callingthecircle.org/
- https://www.youtube.com/user/CallingTheCircle
- YouTube: Components of The Circle Way: Part 1
- YouTube: Components of The Circle Way: Part 2
- YouTube: Components of The Circle Way: Part 3
Sociocracy
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocracy - a system of governance that applies the principles and methods of sociology, cybernetics, and general management theory
- Sociocracy For All - a non-profit bringing sociocracy to the world. – Sociocracy community, training support, advocacy. We are approachable and peer-oriented. We are convinced that real-life skills are important for governing ourselves as equals. We are committed to affordability and integrity.
- Sociocracy 3.0 - Effective Collaboration At Any Scale. Driver for Creating Sociocracy 3.0: "In 2014 we came together to co-create a body of Creative Commons licensed learning resources, synthesizing ideas from Sociocracy, Agile and Lean. We discovered that organizations of all sizes need a flexible menu of practices and structures – appropriate for their specific context – that enable the evolution of a sociocratic and agile mindset to achieve greater effectiveness, alignment, fulfillment and wellbeing."
Holacracy
- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=10905091
- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=10964404
- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=11239471
- GlassFrog - the official software to supportand advance your Holacracy practice.
Teal
Initiative circle
"We have a board in Trello with the simple Backlog, In Progress, and Complete workflow. When someone comes up with anything tactical or strategic they can add it as an initiative to the backlog. The only perquisite is that the initiative must have a focused and achievable objective. The initiative can be moved into “In Progress” when 3 or more individuals volunteer to be full-time members of that initiative. The members have full authority, responsibility and accountability to fulfil the objective of that initiative. They assign an aspirational completion date for the initiative before moving it into “In Progress”. The date may change as the initiative progresses. The initiative will be blocked if the members drop below 3. We ask people to try and avoid taking on initiatives that they cannot dedicate time towards, so that blocked initiatives are kept to a minimum.
"A regular update regarding the progress of the initiative is provided to the rest of the company. Any decisions made by an Initiative Circle is communicated to the rest of the company via our usual communication channels. If anyone has strong objections, they will voice those directly with the members of the Initiative Circle. The circle is not expected to satisfy everyone in the company with regards to their decisions. However, all members within the circle must agree to the decisions made by that circle. No decision within the company is written in stone and may be modified by subsequent decisions. So in case people strongly disagree with the outcomes of an initiative, they are welcome to create a new initiative to replace existing policies and practices.
"We have integrated Initiative Circles Trello board with the Slack channel so that all updates are posted there automatically. Everyone is subscribed to this channel and can keep abreast of the progress of current Initiative Circles and proposal for new initiatives. If the objective of an initiative or it's completion date is changed then the rest of the company is notified via this channel."
TRIZ
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIZ - is "a problem-solving, analysis and forecasting tool derived from the study of patterns of invention in the global patent literature". It was developed by the Soviet inventor and science fiction author Genrich Altshuller and his colleagues, beginning in 1946. In English the name is typically rendered as "the theory of inventive problem solving", and occasionally goes by the English acronym TIPS.
Other
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXtreme_Manufacturing - an iterative and incremental development framework, inspired by Scrum and Kanban (かんばん(看板)?) that features principles of Modular Design, BDD and TDD. The name was coined in 2012 after Extreme Programming (XP) software development by Joe Justice, founder of Wikispeed, and Marcin Jakubowski, founder of Open Source Ecology. This framework, popularized by Joe Justice and J.J. Sutherland, has a rich history with origins that predate the early implementations of Agile software development and exemplify the Japanese Kaizen (改善?) culture.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshin_Kanri - direction management (Japanese: 方針管理 Hepburn: hōshin kanri?)) is a method devised to capture and cement strategic goals as well as flashes of insight about the future and develop the means to bring these into reality. policy deployment, hoshin planning, or simply hoshin (as in "FY12 Hoshin"), it is a strategic planning/strategic management methodology based on a concept popularized in Japan in the late 1950s by Professor Yoji Akao. "Each person is the expert in his or her own job, and Japanese TQC [Total Quality Control] is designed to use the collective thinking power of all employees to make their organization the best in its field."
- http://www.slideshare.net/reed2001/culture-1798664
- http://scottberkun.com/2009/the-netflix-culture-guide-to/
- http://blog.tallhamn.com/post/63665522838/running-a-halo-product-development-team [61]
- https://medium.com/graphicfacilitation/all-you-need-to-know-about-whiteboard-markers-2a25d1249911 [64]
Time management
- https://medium.com/personal-growth/to-do-lists-are-not-the-answer-to-getting-things-done-f38ff04c53d4 [65]
- Taskfreak! Time Tracking - Taskfreak version is all about (and only about) planning tasks and keep track of time spent on them.
Task routine
Time tracking
- Timetrap is a simple command line time tracker written in ruby. It provides an easy to use command line interface for tracking what you spend your time on.
- https://github.com/toggl/toggl-button - browser plugin for multiple time tracking services
Break management
can't start minimized?
Pomodoro
web:
- http://pomodoro.me
- http://tomatoi.st
- http://www.focusboosterapp.com/live
- http://tomato-timer.com/
- http://moosti.com
- https://github.com/rukshn/pomodoro - A simple pomodoro shell script [67]
- https://github.com/gisodal/cumodoro - TUI interface to the pomodoro technique using ncursus.
Anti-procrastination
- https://github.com/rfwatson/noprocrast - A Ruby gem to stop you procastinating. Noprocast automatically adds and removes items from your /etc/hosts, rendering addictive websites useless.
- https://github.com/feroc1ty/workmode - command line tool for blocking sites to be more productive
Calendar
Baïkal
- Baïkal - offers ubiquitous and synchronized access to your calendars and address books over CalDAV and CardDAV. Baïkal implements the current IETF recommendation drafts of these industry standards for centralized calendar and address book collections.
sabre
- sabre/dav - The open source CardDAV, CalDAV and WebDAV server.
vdirsyncer
- vdirsyncer - a command-line tool for synchronizing calendars and addressbooks between a variety of servers and the local filesystem. The most popular usecase is to synchronize a server with a local folder and use a set of other programs to change the local events and contacts. Vdirsyncer can then synchronize those changes back to the server.However, vdirsyncer is not limited to synchronizing between clients and servers. It can also be used to synchronize calendars and/or addressbooks between two servers directly.It aims to be for calendars and contacts what OfflineIMAP is for emails.
khal
- khal - a standards based CLI (console) calendar program, able to synchronize with CalDAV servers through vdirsyncer.
Todoman
- Todoman - a simple, standards-based, cli todo (aka: task) manager. Todos are stored into icalendar files, which means you can sync them via CalDAV using, for example, vdirsyncer.Todoman is now part of the pimutils project, and is hosted at GitHub.
calcurse
- calcurse - a calendar and scheduling application for the command line. It helps keep track of events, appointments and everyday tasks. A configurable notification system reminds user of upcoming deadlines, the curses based interface can be customized to suit user needs and a very powerful set of command line options can be used to filter and format appointments, making it suitable for use in scripts.
ical2site
- https://github.com/raboof/ical2site - Static site generator with ICalendar as source
Appointments
Remind
- Remind - a sophisticated calendar and alarm program. It includes the following features: A sophisticated scripting language and intelligent handling of exceptions and holidays. Plain-text, PostScript and HTML output. Timed reminders and pop-up alarms. A friendly graphical front-end for people who don't want to learn the scripting language. Facilities for both the Gregorian and Hebrew calendars. Support for 12 different languages.
BookerDB
- https://github.com/sonejostudios/BookerDB - Open Source Show Management System, a tool to help musicians, artists and bookers with the organization of shows and everything around. BookerDB is based on a csv database, classified by dates. It is possible to add/delete entries and do a lot more of manipulations. It has a monitor to show all kind of filters around the database, like coming dates, played dates, statistics, contacts, etc... It can also export database entries into PDF (as info sheet with all important information) to take them as reminder on tour.
x.ai
- x.ai - Our ridiculously efficient AI software solves the hassle of scheduling meetings and appointments.
Scheduling
Doodle
- Doodle - The simple way to decide on dates, places & more. Compare availability to find the best time for everyone to meet.
Dudle
- Dudle - an online scheduling application, like
Event management
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BarCamp - an international network of user-generated conferences primarily focused around technology and the web. They are open, participatory workshop-events, the content of which is provided by participants. The first BarCamps focused on early-stage web applications, and were related to open source technologies, social software, and open data formats.
Unconference
- http://www.unconference.net/methods/
- http://www.unconference.net/unconferencing-how-to-prepare-to-attend-an-unconference/
- frab - free and open conference management system - is a web-based conference planning and management system. It helps to collect submissions, to manage talks and speakers and to create a schedule.
Open Space
Ticketing
Room booking
Tracking
Product management
Decluttering
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Kondo
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smD0mEMuslc
- Tidying up - The life-changing magic of simplistic solutions to complex problems [69]
HN comment;
- Don't be afraid to do a big purge. Your stuff is just that, stuff.
- Do the big purge all at once. "Ongoing" tidiness should simply be putting your stuff away, not constantly revisiting different parts of your home looking for stuff you can throw away.
- Look up "konmari folding" on YouTube for a new idea about how to fold and store your clothes. For those who are already fairly tidy, this is the only real "new" idea in the book that may interest you.
- Be affluent enough to have these problems in the first place. None of the advice is for people who are simply slobs, it's for people who have accumulated too much stuff and who feel it dragging down their life.
Microfinance
Constraint planning