Digital communication
See also Social web, Open social, Organisation, Social
General
Communication
See Organisation#Communication, Language
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studies
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_communication
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_communication
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-to-all_communication
Media
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovisual
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_media
- Technological or Media Determinism
- "Chandler’s web essay explores the concept and history of technological determinism, which he defines as ‘seek[ing] to explain social and historical phenomena in terms of one principal or determining factor’ - technology. Chandler calls this theory ‘reductive’, and points out that as a way of understanding social phenomena, reductionism is often criticised as being overly simplistic. This is especially the case when determinists become ‘technocentric’ - ‘trying to account for almost everything in terms of technology'. He introduces concepts such as ‘reification’; ‘autonomy’; and ‘universalism’, as elements of technological determinism. Importantly for our purposes, he also indicates how we can identify when a determinist position is being taken, even if an author or speaker doesn’t make it explicit: "The assumptions of technological determinism can usually be easily spotted in frequent references to the 'impact' of technological 'revolutions' which 'led to' or 'brought about', 'inevitable', 'far reaching', 'effects', or 'consequences' or assertions about what 'will be' happening 'sooner than we think' 'whether we like it or not'." The resources below contain some language like this, and you will probably start to notice it elsewhere. The relationship between technological determinism and utopian and dystopian accounts is one we’d like you to consider and discuss as you engage in the readings and films during the rest of this week and next week."
- http://www.mediapolis.org.uk/
- http://www.academia.edu/3425545/Media_Life
- "The media life perspective offers a prediction and explanation of increasingly invisi- ble media; it sustains a theoretical argument as that proposed by Friedrich Kittler (2009),aiming to resolve ontology’s hostility to media. As Kittler argues, ‘philosophy … has been necessarily unable to conceive of media as media’, in that the relation betweenobserver and the observed as for example expressed in writing, audio or video recordingsis generally not considered to be of influence to the work of the philosopher. This blind-ness to the structuring role of media in lived experience not only considers but moves beyond technical media – while acknowledging how significant the medium may be tothe message – to address the essential nature of media as the invisible interlocutor of people’s lives. In today’s media culture, where people increasingly move through theworld (more or less deliberately) assembling a deeply individualized media system – in other words: living in their own personal information space – such a viewpoint can formthe basis of investigation and understanding of everyday life.
New media
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybertext
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics
(Mark Deuze, 2011)
- http://www.flawedart.net/courses/articles/timothy_leary_the_cyberpunk.pdf
- http://www.academia.edu/3012775/POSTCYBERPUNK_UNITOPIA
- "The settings of the films in cyberpunk, literalizes the chaotic nature of thenarrative world. The scenery establishes a discordant whole through the juxtaposition of contradicting fragments that are bound together with anaesthetic of decay which is a result of the over-saturation of spaces throughtechnological infrastructures. As opposed to the postmodern sceneries of cyberpunk, the settings in postcyberpunk have a modern style whichvisualizes a clean sense of geometry that implicates the welfare and sanity. Within this purified spaces, technology becomes invisible."
Hypermedia
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermedia
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson - coined the terms hypertext, hypermedia, transclusion, teledildonics
- Content Management by Redefining the Document - Ted Nelson keynote
- http://hyperland.com/TedCompOneLiners
- http://transliterature.org/
axial hypertexts are the most simple in structure. They are situated along an axis in a linear style. These hypertexts have a straight path from beginning to end and are fairly easy for the reader to follow. An example of an axial hypertext is The Virtual Disappearance of Miriam.
arborescent hypertexts are more complex than the axial form. They have a branching structure which resembles a tree. These hypertexts have one beginning but many possible endings. The ending that the reader finishes on depends on their decisions whilst reading the text. This is much like the Goosebumps novels that allow readers to choose their own ending.
networked hypertexts are more complex still than the two previous forms of hypertext. They consist of an interconnected system of nodes with no dominant axis of orientation. Unlike the aborescent form, nextworked hypertexts do not have any designated beginning or any designated endings. An example of a networked hypertext is Shelley Jackson's Patchwork Girl.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Shirky#Evolution_of_asymmetric_media
- http://civic.mit.edu/blog/petey/what-does-many-to-many-mean-some-thoughts-on-social-network-structures
- http://academictech.doit.wisc.edu/blend/facilitate/communicate - Asynchronous vs Synchronous Communication
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_learning
- http://buildingcreativebridges.wordpress.com/2013/02/20/synchronous-sessions-asynchronously-blending-meetings-learning-and-digital-literacy/
Web
- Open Web Platform is the collection of open (royalty-free) technologies which enables the Web. Using the Open Web Platform, everyone has the right to implement a software component of the Web without requiring any approvals or waiving license fees.
- What is the Open Web?
Addressing
URI;
<scheme name> : <hierarchical part> [ ? <query> ] [ # <fragment> ]
- http://www.w3.org/Addressing/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier - URI = URL+URN, URL or URN
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_name
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI_scheme
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_identifier
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Resource_Identifier
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereferenceable_Uniform_Resource_Identifier
- http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt - Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)
- http://www.w3.org/wiki/UriSchemes
- http://url.spec.whatwg.org/
Digital literacy
- http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php/Information_literacy
- http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php/Data_literacy
Digital divide
Community
- http://blog.vox.io/post/35844563724/do-you-have-proper-vox-io-etiquette - community guidance
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Don't_stuff_beans_up_your_nose - framing community
- Less Wrong: Dealing with trolling and the signal to noise ratio
- http://arstechnica.com/staff/2012/10/observations-on-whats-getting-downvoted-with-some-dissected-specimens
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_September
- http://www.gwern.net/The%20Melancholy%20of%20Subculture%20Society
Metadata
- ACOTA (Automatic Collaborative Tagging). It is a Java-based library for suggesting tags in a collaborative and automatic way. It is based on the use of folksonomies to manage the tags and provide advanced services of automatic learning, reasoning, etc.
- https://twitter.com/chrismessina/status/223115412 - first hashtag
Data ownership
Identity
- http://dig.csail.mit.edu/breadcrumbs/node/71
- http://factoryjoe.com/blog/2009/10/01/video-of-my-talk-identity-is-the-platform/
- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6623935
- http://blog.vrypan.net/2013/11/08/why-i-wont-use-a-gplus-custom-url/ [3]
- http://techcrunch.com/2013/11/10/nonplussed/
Trust
- http://day4.se/how-we-screwed-almost-the-whole-apple-community/
- http://www.technologyreview.com/view/428920/the-emerging-revolution-in-game-theory/
- http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2013/03/how_criticizing_in_private_und.html - accountability
Privacy
- High-speed high-security cryptography: encrypting and authenticating the whole Internet
- How the Internet sees you
Practices
TOR, etc
Legal
Anonymity
- Anonymity Bibliography Selected Papers in Anonymity
Decentralisation
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_system
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing
Passwords
Attention
- http://www.greenchameleon.com/gc/blog_detail/the_war_between_awareness_and_memory/
- http://blog.mediumequalsmessage.com/goodbye-ubiquitous-digital-service
- http://www.twitip.com/twitter-is-a-tool-for-ambient-awareness/
- http://digitalculture-ed.net/tonym/2009/10/11/ambient-collegiality/
Comments
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQjocZXHOg4 - youtube g+ integration
- http://vihart.com/google-youtube-integration-kind-of-like-twilight-except-in-this-version-when-cullen-drinks-bellatubes-blood-they-both-become-mortal-but-cullen-is-still-an-abusive-creep-also-it-is-still-bad/
"All the top comments are just what people wrote about this on their google+ account. It's just like reading the "about" section over and over again."
Spam
See also E-mail#Anti-spam
Forums
BBS
Usenet
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_server
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup
Web
Q&A
Stackoverflow etc.
- http://www.stum.de/2013/06/21/5-years-of-stackoverflow-com/
- http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2013/09/five-years-ago-stack-overflow-launched-then-a-miracle-occurred/
- http://stackoverflow.com/tags/synonyms?tab=master&filter=all
- http://www.brianbondy.com/stackexchange/#expected-age
Platforms
Quora
Ask.fm
Structured debate
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_map
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue#Structured_dialogue
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_policy_debate
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_ethics
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_ethics
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_reasoning
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentially_contested_concepts
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_rationality
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogical_analysis
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_dialectics
- http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/hyperdiscourse/docs.html#hyperdisc
- http://events.kmi.open.ac.uk/essence/tools/
- http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs/2010/02/knowledge-mappers-empower-e-democracy/
- http://www.reasonwell.com/
- http://www.internetargument.org/
- http://www.truthmapping.com/
- http://www.argumentations.com/
- http://cohere.open.ac.uk/
- http://debategraph.org/
- http://cci.mit.edu/klein/deliberatorium.html
- http://www.deliberator.com/
- http://debatewise.org/
- http://wrangl.com/
Blogging
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_protocol
- http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/P/plan-file.html
- http://sunburst.usd.edu/~bwjames/tut/pico/plan.html
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_blogging
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogosphere
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_blog - group blogging, early social news
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linklog - developed into social bookmarking
- tumbelogs - short form posts developed into microblogging/twitter, multiformat form into tumblr
Systems
See WordPress
Networks
LiveJournal
Other
- Syte is a really simple but powerful packaged personal site that has social integrations like Twitter, GitHub, Dribbble, Instagram, Foursquare, Tumblr, Wordpress, Last.fm, SoundCloud, Bitbucket, StackOverflow, Flickr and Steam. svtle clone
Medium
- http://www.teehanlax.com/story/medium/index.html
- http://blog.spanishcurls.com/the-reasons-why-you-should-not-join-medium
- https://medium.com/surveillance-state/19a5db211e47
- http://kennethreitz.org/why-i-left-medium/
- http://www.codingjohnson.com/medium-sucks
- http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/08/what-is-medium/278965/
Microblogging
- http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/8-of-the-best-free-twitter-clients-for-linux-677176?artc_pg=2
- http://pillaticos.com/twitter-applications-for-linux-and-ubuntu/
- https://launchpad.net/polly
- http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/polly-fast-customizable-native-twitter-client-linux/
- very nifty, but no search yet!! no fb.
- http://pino-app.appspot.com/
- no multicolumn? development stopped last year
- http://getspaz.com/
- no multicolumn?
- http://code.google.com/p/gfeedline
- no multi-account
See also Twitter
- http://headrush.typepad.com/creating_passionate_users/2007/03/is_twitter_too_.html
- http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/twitter-developers-and-the-food-trucks/
Social bookmarking
See also Organisation#Knowledge
And related information management. From just links, to snippets and citations with a multiformat tumblog/microblog format etc. Flows into newer social news.
- http://boingboing.net/2012/08/24/how-the-entire-worlds-media.html
- http://news.slashdot.org/story/12/10/02/1428209/jeff-bates-on-niche-communities-and-why-partisan-news-is-normal
Categorisation
See Comms#Metadata
inband;
Services
- http://www.quotered.com/ - bookmarking
- http://www.mendeley.com/ - academic
Systems
- Zotero is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources.
Social news
See also social web
Older
- http://slashdot.org/
- http://slashcode.com/ - shashdot. later introduced the firehose system
- http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/08/07/slashdot-founder-rob-malda-on-why-there-wont-be-another-hacker-news
- http://news.slashdot.org/story/13/11/10/225210/gchq-created-spoofed-linkedin-and-slashdot-sites-to-serve-malware
- http://www.kuro5hin.org/
- http://scoopdev.org/ - kuro5hin
later became mixed with the 'short-form' of social bookmarking
Aggregation
See also Open_social#Feeds_.2F_Activity
- http://techmeme.com/ - auto and curation
- later http://memeorandum.com , etc.
- http://ushahidi.com/ - collaborative curation of news, mapping and SMS focus
- Managing News is a Drupal based robust news and data aggregation engine with pluggable visualization and workflow tools.
- Telescope is an open-source social news app (think Hacker News or Reddit) built with Meteor, a real-time Javascript framework.
- POSSE is an acronym/abbreviation for Publish (on your) Own Site, Syndicate Elsewhere. It's a Syndication Model where the flow involves posting your content on your own domain first, then syndicating out copies to 3rd party services with perma(short)links back to the original version.
POSSE lets your friends keep using whatever silo aggregator (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) they've been using to read your stuff.
- Gregarius is a Web-based RSS/RDF/ATOM news aggregator featuring OPML import/export, XHTML/CSS output and an AJAX-based item tagging system
- SNARC - A service that semantically annotates web documents, queries social endpoints and reconciles results in order to provide rich and up-to-date contextual information
- Pierre and Jeff's excellent ventures - Dave Winer
- http://www.reddit.com/r/bs9k/comments/raeiq/the_bs9k_custom_theme_set/?meta
- Raerth's Moderation Guide
- http://www.reddit.com/r/theoryofreddit
- http://www.reddit.com/r/structureddebate
- http://www.reddit.com/r/subofrome
- http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1htjq8/what_was_reddits_lowest_moment/
- http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1lghn7/what_reddit_fad_are_you_glad_died_out/
- http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1qz1sx/if_you_wanted_to_scare_someone_away_from_reddit/
- http://whichlight.github.io/reddit-network-vis/
- http://www.reddit.com/r/javascript/comments/1jr7sd/js_app_to_visualize_reddit_discussions_uses_d3/
- http://erqqvg.com/vizeddit/?v=4.0
- http://karmadecay.com/
- http://www.yasiv.com/reddit#/Search?q=worldnews
- http://www.topiama.com/
- http://pcottle.github.io/MSWorddit/
Articles
- http://williamedwardscoder.tumblr.com/post/15581427232/self-organizing-reddit
- http://www.dailydot.com/business/steve-huffman-built-reddit-fake-accounts/
Hacker News
- hckr news - an unofficial alternative hacker news interface.
- http://ghn.cloudapp.net/ - screenshots
- http://hnrankings.info/
- http://hnpickup.appspot.com/ - dead
- http://jacquesmattheij.com/The+Unofficial+HN+FAQ
- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6247903
- http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4412245
- http://us2.campaign-archive1.com/?u=193b767bbb3b0eb0d949d5924&id=0c3a567f95&e=5603c292b3
- http://www.linkedlistnyc.org/archive/issue_081.html
- http://bradconte.com/files/misc/HackerNewsParodyThread/
- https://twitter.com/HackerNewsOnion
- https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/hacker-newsd/njdndkhkelkeepcnmookckfhleebcokl - show if page has been posted*
- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6799854
- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6832868
- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6833564
Culture
Other
- http://hackurls.com/ - syndicated
wget -O - hackurls.com/ascii | less
- https://lobste.rs/ - hn alternative with tags
- http://thelist.io/
- http://thenews.im/ - hn and dn
- http://www.inbound.org/ - marketing
- https://news.layervault.com/ - designer news
- http://firespotting.com/ - ideas
- http://www.upboat.us/ - mailing-list provision
- http://hubski.com/ - social
Mixed
Culture
- http://www.newrepublic.com/article/113053/new-york-times-buzzfeed-andrew-sullivan-herald-death-blog# - frigin mainstream opinion
Collaborative documentation
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_editing
Wiki
See also Learning#Wiki
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_software
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wikis
- http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?CategoryWikiUser
- http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiGnome
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiFauna
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiGnome
Ecosystem
- http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiNode
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiNode
- http://www.communitywiki.org/WikiNode
- http://s23.org/wiki/WikiNode
- http://wiki.developspace.net/Main_Page
- http://ohinternet.com/Main_Page
- http://let.sysops.be/wiki/Main_Page
WardsWiki
The original wiki, on software development patterns.
- http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiWikiWeb
- http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory
- http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiCopyRights
MeatballWiki
For discussion of Wardswiki and online communities in general.
Wikipedia
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_read_an_article_history
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Refactoring_talk_pages
Culture and process
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_consensus%3F
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Follow_consensus,_not_policy
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WHY
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BOLD
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IAR
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:POINT
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GOOG - digital literacy
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BREAK
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TM
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_standardisation
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Infoboxes
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Infobox_templates
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_Curation - new tools
- http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Conflicting_Wikipedia_philosophies
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia
- http://www.roughtype.com/?p=525
- http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v06n18.shtml
- http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_be_a_dick
- http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikipediAhimsa
- http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/How_to_win_an_argument
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ravpapa/Tilt [7]
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Viewing_and_restoring_deleted_pages#Deletion_archive - why oh why not make the non copyvio and like deleted articles available somewhere else?
- http://www.academia.edu/152850/Scaling_consensus_increasing_decentralization_in_Wikipedia_governance
Semantic
Wiki engines and systems
See MediaWiki
- MoinMoin is an easy to use, full-featured and extensible wiki software package written in Python. It can fulfill a wide range of roles, such as a personal notes organizer deployed on a laptop or home web server, a company knowledge base deployed on an intranet, or an Internet server open to individuals sharing the same interests, goals or projects.
- Gitit is a wiki backed by a git, darcs, or mercurial filestore. Pages and uploaded files can be modified either directly via the VCS’s command-line tools or through the wiki’s web interface. Pandoc is used for markup processing, so pages may be written in (extended) markdown, reStructuredText, LaTeX, HTML, or literate Haskell, and exported in ten different formats, including LaTeX, ConTeXt, DocBook, RTF, OpenOffice ODT, and MediaWiki markup.
- TiddlyWiki a reusable non-linear personal web notebook
XWiki
TikiWiki
Other
Smallest Federated Wiki
ikiwiki
Hosted
- http://www.tryscribble.com/ - markdown, live preview
- Wikispaces Classroom is a new product from the people who brought you Wikispaces. We think of it as social writing with formative assessment. That means that its a great place for your classroom to work, connect, and communicate. Wikispaces Classroom has brand new tools to keep track of everything going on in your class, communicate better, and for you to assess your students in real time so you can provide the help and encouragement each student needs.
Translation
Operational transformation
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_real-time_editor
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_transformation
Wave
- YouTube: Google Wave Overview
Etherpad
- ShareJS is an Operational Transform library for NodeJS & browsers. It lets you easily do live concurrent editing in your app.
Open Cooperative Web Framework
WikiNEXT
uses share.js
- WikiNEXT - JavaScript Semantic Application Wiki
- http://www.slideshare.net/pavelarapov/wikinext-application-semantic-wiki
Hosted
- Substance is an open platform for collaborative creation and sharing of digital documents. Be your own publisher and produce stories, books and documentations.
- http://www.firepad.io/ - uses substance and propitiatory server backend
- http://www.document.ly/ - real time wiki, markdown
Other
- https://togetherjs.com/ - like share.js
Infinote
- Infinote protocol provides real-time collaborative editing of documents with the main focus being on collaborative plain text editing. In the meanwhile there are quite a few solutions out there, but all of them implement a different protocol and thus cannot be used with other tools. Our goal is to provide a flexible yet powerful open framework and clients for various environments that can interoperate with each other.
Software
- Gobby is a free collaborative editor supporting multiple documents in one session and a multi-user chat. It runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and other Unix-like platforms.