Coding

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to further sort.

General

A program is many things. It is a piece of text typed by a programmer, it is the directing force that makes the computer do what it does, it is data in the computer's memory, yet it controls the actions performed on this same memory. Analogies that try to compare programs to objects we are familiar with tend to fall short, but a superficially fitting one is that of a machine. The gears of a mechanical watch fit together ingeniously, and if the watchmaker was any good, it will accurately show the time for many years. The elements of a program fit together in a similar way, and if the programmer knows what he is doing, the program will run without crashing.
A computer is a machine built to act as a host for these immaterial machines. Computers themselves can only do stupidly straightforward things. The reason they are so useful is that they do these things at an incredibly high speed. A program can, by ingeniously combining many of these simple actions, do very complicated things. ... When a program works, it is beautiful. The art of programming is the skill of controlling complexity. The great program is subdued, made simple in its complexity.

-- http://eloquentjavascript.net/chapter1.html

Basics

  • Pipe Logic - "In this model, a UNIX pipe acts like a wire, that is, a conductor with parasitic capacitance."
  • Simple Made Easy - Rich Hickey emphasizes simplicity’s virtues over easiness’, showing that while many choose easiness they may end up with complexity, and the better way is to choose easiness along the simplicity path. ]

Reference

  • StackMonthly - A monthly digest of the best questions on StackOverflow
  • OSDev.org - wiki that provides information about the creation of operating systems and serves as a community for those people interested in OS creation

Books

News and Blogs

Developers

Tools

Coding techniques

see also agile, xp, etc

Concepts

Computation

See also Maths

Engineering

Evaluation

An expression evaluates to a value. A statement does something. 

x = 1
y = x + 1     # an expression
print y       # a statement, prints 2

Syntax

Operators

Algorithms

Functions

  • subroutine is a sequence of program instructions that perform a specific task, packaged as a unit. This unit can then be used in programs wherever that particular task should be performed. Subprograms may be defined within programs, or separately in libraries that can be used by multiple programs. In different programming languages a subroutine may be called a procedure, a function, a routine, a method, or a subprogram. The generic term callable unit is sometimes used.

etc

Data types

Data structures


The difference between arrays and linked lists are:

- Arrays are linear data structures. Linked lists are linear and non-linear data structures. - Linked lists are linear for accessing, and non-linear for storing in memory - Array has homogenous values. And each element is independent of each other positions. Each node in the linked list is connected with its previous node which is a pointer to the node. - Array elements can be modified easily by identifying the index value. It is a complex process for modifying the node in a linked list. - Array elements can not be added, deleted once it is declared. The nodes in the linked list can be added and deleted from the list.

Mutability

Functional

Object Orientated

Polymorphism

Macros

MV*

"create your views, express your models or develop a controller"

Threads

Paradigms

Patterns

Compilation and interpretation

  • GNU Compiler Collection includes front ends for C, C++, Objective-C, Fortran, Java, Ada, and Go, as well as libraries for these languages (libstdc++, libgcj,...). GCC was originally written as the compiler for the GNU operating system. The GNU system was developed to be 100% free software, free in the sense that it respects the user's freedom.
  • LLVM is a collection of modular and reusable compiler and toolchain technologies. Despite its name, LLVM has little to do with traditional virtual machines, though it does provide helpful libraries that can be used to build them. The name "LLVM" itself is not an acronym; it is the full name of the project.
  • Emscripten is an LLVM to JavaScript compiler. It takes LLVM bitcode (which can be generated from C/C++ using Clang, or any other language that can be converted into LLVM bitcode) and compiles that into JavaScript, which can be run on the web (or anywhere else JavaScript can run).
  • Parrot is a virtual machine designed to efficiently compile and execute bytecode for dynamic languages. Parrot currently hosts a variety of language implementations in various stages of completion, including Tcl, Javascript, Ruby, Lua, Scheme, PHP, Python, Perl 6, APL, and a .NET bytecode translator. Parrot is not about parrots, though we are rather fond of them for obvious reasons.

Garbage collection

Cleaning up saved things that are created and only needed at the time of a particular process, i think. Managed in some languages, seen as possibly bad by some.

Metaprogramming

Monads

Aspect of functional. See Haskell, etc. for related.

Concurrency

Events

Messaging

  • ØMQ \zeromq\
    •  The socket library that acts as a concurrency framework.
    •   Faster than TCP, for clustered products and supercomputing.
<tef> but glyph is the serialization format really :-)
  • MessagePack is an efficient binary serialization format. It lets you exchange data among multiple languages like JSON but it's faster and smaller. For example, small integers (like flags or error code) are encoded into a single byte, and typical short strings only require an extra byte in addition to the strings themselves.

Futures and promises

Command-line

GUI

NLP

Debugging

DTrace

Languages

Fortran

1957

ALGOL

1958

Lisp

1959

http://xuanji.appspot.com/isicp/1-1-elements.html

ALGOL 60

1960

CPL

1963

BASIC

1964

APL

1964

wut

BCPL

1966

Simula

1967

Forth

1968ish

B

1969

Pascal

1970

Smalltalk

1972

C / C++

1972 / 1979

  • Boost provides free peer-reviewed portable C++ source libraries.

ML / Standard ML

1973 / 1990 / 1997

CLU

1974

Iterators.

Scheme

1975

Continuation-passing_style

Ada

1980

Objective-C

1983

  • Objective-C is a general-purpose, high-level, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. It is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems and their respective APIs, Cocoa and Cocoa Touch. Originally developed in the early 1980s, it was selected as the main language used by NeXT for its NeXTSTEP operating system, from which OS X and iOS are derived.[1] Generic Objective-C programs that do not use the Cocoa or Cocoa Touch libraries can also be compiled for any system supported by GCC or Clang.

Eiffel

1986

Caml / OCaml

1985 / 1996

Object Pascal

1986

Modula-3

1986/1989

Self

1987

Perl

1987

TCL

1988

Haskell

1990

  • Haskell is an advanced purely-functional programming language. An open-source product of more than twenty years of cutting-edge research, it allows rapid development of robust, concise, correct software. With strong support for integration with other languages, built-in concurrency and parallelism, debuggers, profilers, rich libraries and an active community, Haskell makes it easier to produce flexible, maintainable, high-quality software.
  • GHC is a state-of-the-art, open source, compiler and interactive environment for the functional language Haskell. Highlights:

Packages

A package is a library of Haskell modules known to the compiler. GHC comes with several packages: see the accompanying library documentation. More packages to install can be obtained from HackageDB.

Using a package couldn't be simpler: if you're using ––make or GHCi, then most of the installed packages will be automatically available to your program without any further options. The exceptions to this rule are covered below in Section 4.9.1, “Using Packages ”.

Building your own packages is also quite straightforward: we provide the Cabal infrastructure which automates the process of configuring, building, installing and distributing a package. All you need to do is write a simple configuration file, put a few files in the right places, and you have a package. See the Cabal documentation for details, and also the Cabal libraries (Distribution.Simple, for example).

  • Cabal (Common Architecture for Building Applications and Libraries) is a system for building and packaging Haskell libraries and programs. It defines a common interface for package authors and distributors to easily build their applications in a portable way. Cabal is part of a larger infrastructure for distributing, organizing, and cataloging Haskell libraries and programs. Specifically, the Cabal describes what a Haskell package is, how these packages interact with the language, and what Haskell implementations must to do to support packages. The Cabal also specifies some infrastructure (code) that makes it easy for tool authors to build and distribute conforming packages.
  • HackageDB (or just Hackage) is a collection of releases of Haskell packages. Each package is in the Cabal format, a standard way of packaging Haskell source code that makes it easy to build and install. These pages are a basic web interface to the Hackage package database.
  • cabal-install package provides the cabal command-line tool which simplifies the process of managing Haskell software by automating the fetching, configuration, compilation and installation of Haskell libraries and programs. Those packages must be prepared using Cabal and should be present at Hackage.
  • Gtk2Hs - A GUI Library for Haskell based on Gtk

Arch

pacman -Rncs ghc
  remove all haskell..

Web

  • Yesod is a Haskell web framework for productive development of type-safe, RESTful, high performance web applications.
  • Snap is a simple web development framework for unix systems, written in the Haskell programming language. Snap has a high level of test coverage and is well-documented. Features include: a fast HTTP server library, a sensible and clean monad for web programming, an HTML-based templating system for generating pages

JS

  • Fay - A proper subset of Haskell that compiles to JavaScript. Fay is a small programming language which has the following properties: A proper syntactic and semantic subset of Haskell, Statically typed, Lazy, Pure by default, Compiles to JavaScript, Has fundamental data types (Double, String, etc.) based upon what JS can support, Outputs minifier-aware code for small compressed size, Has a trivial foreign function interface to JavaScript

Erlang

1990

Q

1991

Lua

1993

  • Lua is a powerful, fast, lightweight, embeddable scripting language. Lua combines simple procedural syntax with powerful data description constructs based on associative arrays and extensible semantics. Lua is dynamically typed, runs by interpreting bytecode for a register-based virtual machine, and has automatic memory management with incremental garbage collection, making it ideal for configuration, scripting, and rapid prototyping.
  • http://code.google.com/p/lua-checker/
  • LuaJIT — a Just-In-Time Compiler for Lua.
  • Metalua is a language and a compiler which provide a complete macro system, similar in power to what's offfered by Lisp dialects or Template Haskell; manipulated programs can be seen as source code, as abstract syntax trees, or as an arbitrary mix thereof, whichever suits your task better.
os.time();
os.getenv()
  i.e. os.getenv( "HOME" ); ?? to confirm, hardcoded as no time atm.

R

1993

Good for stats.

Brainfuck

1993

Racket

1994

PHP

1995

See PHP

Java

1995

Java syntax seems unwieldy.

Apache Tomcat

Jetty

Ruby

1995

See Ruby

C#

2000

D

2001

Processing

2001

Io

2002

Scala

2003

F#

2005

Vala

2006

Clojure

2007

Arc

2008

Lisp dialect by PG etc. Developed in Racket.

Pure

2008

Go

2009

Dao

2009

Rust

2010

Dart

2011

Elm

2011

Elixier

2011

  • Elixir is a functional meta-programming aware language built on top of the Erlang VM. It is a dynamic language with flexible syntax with macros support that leverages Erlang's abilities to build concurrent, distributed, fault-tolerant applications with hot code upgrades. Elixir also provides first-class support for pattern matching, polymorphism via protocols (similar to Clojure's), aliases and associative data structures (usually known as dicts or hashes in other programming languages). Finally, Elixir and Erlang share the same bytecode and data types. This means you can invoke Erlang code from Elixir (and vice-versa) without any conversion or performance hit. This allows a developer to mix the expressiveness of Elixir with the robustness and performance of Erlang.

Shen

2011

Julia

2012

Typescript

2012

From Microsoft, compiles to JS.

Babar

2013

Lobster

2013

Chicken

2013

Other

GNU

Regular expressions

Guides

Web tools

GUI

Serialization and markup

See also HTML/CSS#Markup, JavaScript#JSON

XUL

  • XUL (/ˈzuːl/ zool), which stands for XML User Interface Language, is a user interface markup language that is developed by the Mozilla Project. XUL is implemented as an XML dialect; it allows for graphical user interfaces to be written in a similar manner to Web pages.

Compression

Network

Stats and big data

  • Kaggle - Service - From Big Data to Big Analytics.

Games

Documentation

to sort

Game of Life

modelling;


  • Hunspell is the spell checker of LibreOffice, OpenOffice.org, Mozilla Firefox 3 & Thunderbird, Google Chrome, and it is also used by proprietary software packages, like Mac OS X, InDesign, memoQ, Opera and SDL Trados.

For kids

Social

Aesthetics

perl

Humour

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