Server

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Service commands

sudo /etc/init.d/<service> restart
  ubuntu, restart a service

sudo /etc/rc.d/<service> stop | start | restart
  arch, service things

route
  show network routes avaliable
route -n
  show network routes avaliable, just ip


General

Continuous process

"Continuous Integration is a software development practice where members of a team integrate their work frequently, usually each person integrates at least daily - leading to multiple integrations per day. Each integration is verified by an automated build (including test) to detect integration errors as quickly as possible. Many teams find that this approach leads to significantly reduced integration problems and allows a team to develop cohesive software more rapidly."

Provision and configuration management

Puppet

apt-get install puppet puppetmaster facter rubygems puppet-module

Foreman

Chef

Other

  • Capistrano is a utility and framework for executing commands in parallel on multiple remote machines, via SSH. It uses a simple DSL (borrowed in part from Rake) that allows you to define tasks, which may be applied to machines in certain roles. It also supports tunneling connections via some gateway machine to allow operations to be performed behind VPN's and firewalls. Capistrano was originally designed to simplify and automate deployment of web applications to distributed environments, and originally came bundled with a set of tasks designed for deploying Rails applications.

Logging

Basics

  • logrotate is designed to ease administration of systems that generate large numbers of log files. It allows automatic rotation, compression, removal, and mailing of log files. Each log file may be handled daily, weekly, monthly, or when it grows too large.

Systems

  • logger - a shell command interface to the syslog(3) system log module
  • Rsyslog is an enhanced syslogd supporting, among others, MySQL, PostgreSQL, failover log destinations, syslog/tcp, fine grain output format control, high precision timestamps, queued operations, the ability to filter on any message part and encryption protected syslog relay chains. It is quite compatible to stock sysklogd and can be used as a drop-in replacement.
  • glTail.rb - Real-time visualization of server traffic, events and statistics with Ruby, SSH and OpenGL.
  • log.io Real-time log monitoring in your browser. Powered by node.js + socket.io

Services

Monitoring

See also *nix#Monitoring

If it's up... A.K.A... It's down... per year
90% n/a 876 hours
95% n/a 438 hours
99% two 9s 87 hours, 36 minutes
99.9% three 9s 8 hours, 45 minutes, 36 seconds
99.99% four 9s 52 minutes, 33.6 seconds
99.999% five 9s 5 minutes, 15.36 seconds
99.9999% six 9s 31.68 seconds

Collectd

collectd is a daemon which collects system performance statistics periodically and provides mechanisms to store the values in a variety of ways, for example in RRD files. collectd gathers statistics about the system it is running on and stores this information. Those statistics can then be used to find current performance bottlenecks (i.e. performance analysis) and predict future system load (i.e. capacity planning). Or if you just want pretty graphs of your private server and are fed up with some homegrown solution you're at the right place, too ;).

Nagios

  • Nagios is a powerful monitoring system that enables organizations to identify and resolve IT infrastructure problems before they affect critical business processes. Designed with scalability and flexibility in mind, Nagios gives you the peace of mind that comes from knowing your organization's business processes won't be affected by unknown outages.

Monit

  • Monit is a free open source utility for managing and monitoring, processes, programs, files, directories and filesystems on a UNIX system. Monit conducts automatic maintenance and repair and can execute meaningful causal actions in error situations.
  • M/Monit expand upon Monit's capabilities to provide monitoring and management of all Monit enabled hosts from one easy to use web-interface.

Splunk

  • Splunk is powerful and versatile IT search software that takes the pain out of tracking and utilizing the information in your data center. If you have Splunk, you won't need complicated databases, connectors, custom parsers or controls--all that's required is a web browser and your imagination. Splunk handles the rest.

Amon

  • Amon is an application and system monitoring toolkit for web developers. Its goal is to provide you with all the information you need about the health of your servers and the errors that occur in your web application.

other

New Relic

Management

  • Webmin is a web-based interface for system administration for Unix. Using any modern web browser, you can setup user accounts, Apache, DNS, file sharing and much more. Webmin removes the need to manually edit Unix configuration files like /etc/passwd, and lets you manage a system from the console or remotely.
  • Virtualmin is a powerful and flexible web hosting control panel for Linux and UNIX systems based on the well-known Open Source web-based systems management GUI, Webmin. Manage your virtual domains, mailboxes, databases, applications, and the entire server, from one comprehensive and friendly interface.
  • Ehcp is a Hosting Control Panel to facilate the process of managing domains, e-mail, users, etc.
  • AlternC is a set of software management on Linux shared hosting, easy to use, easy to install, based solely on free software, GPL v2 +. Systems for automatic installation and configuration, control panel accessible via the web for the management of users and web services (domains, emails, ftp accounts, statistics ...). Technically, AlternC is currently based on Debian GNU / Linux 'Stable' (Squeeze to date), and use other software such as Apache, Postfix, Mailman ... It also contains API documentation, allowing easy customization of the office, 'web control panel' AlternC.

Performance

See also HTTP#Performance

  • irqbalance is a Linux* daemon that distributes interrupts over the processors and cores you have in your computer system. The design goal of irqbalance is to do find a balance between power savings and optimal performance. To a large degree, the work irqbalance does is invisible to you; if irqbalance performs its job right, nobody will ever notice it's there or want to turn it off.
  • HAProxy - The Reliable, High Performance TCP/HTTP Load Balancer.
  • Pound is a reverse proxy - that means you put it on the server in front of your web services, not in front of your clients who need to connect to the general Internet. It takes web requests from end-users and distributes them among several web servers or services you may be running. Pound is also load balancing, so you can run multiple servers that look to the outside world as if they are just one, allowing you to spread the workload around. Pound proxy is NOT a caching proxy. By itself it won't help to speed up your server or network, but there is a lot of flexibility in Pound that will help you overall.

memcached

  • magent is a simple but useful proxy program for memcached servers.

Redis

See also DB#Redis

CDN Services

Other

Virtualisation

VirtualBox

VirtualBox config;

  • Enable host Linux modules: vboxnetflt and vboxnetadp
  • Enable host-only adapter 'virtualbox0' in VB Preferences > Network if not previously enabled, then select in guest preferences
  • Keep VM names lowercase and no spaces for easier command-line stuff

Install guest additions for mouse, etc.

Provisioning VirtualBoxes for local dev work;

Vargrant

  • Vagrant uses Oracle’s VirtualBox to build configurable, lightweight, and portable virtual machines dynamically. The first couple pages serve to introduce you to Vagrant and what it has to offer while the rest of the guide is a technical walkthrough for building a fully functional web development environment. The getting started guide concludes by explaining how to package the newly created vagrant environment so other developers can get up and running in just a couple commands.
vagrant package --vagrantfile Vagrantfile.pkg --include README.txt
  stored in ~/.vagrant.d/boxes
vagrant box add lucid32 http://files.vagrantup.com/lucid32.box
vagrant box remove lucid32
vagrant box list

Xen

  • Xen Hypervisor is an open source virtualization platform that powers the world's largest clouds in production and is the foundation of many commercial products. Xen powers public clouds such as Amazon Web Services, Rackspace Public Cloud and many others. Examples of Xen based server products include Huawei UVP, Oracle VM and XenServer. Examples of client products and appliances include QubesOS, XenClient and Netscaler. Xen is 9 years old, mature and its stability and versatility is second to none.

KVM

  • KVM (for Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is a full virtualization solution for Linux on x86 hardware containing virtualization extensions (Intel VT or AMD-V). It consists of a loadable kernel module, kvm.ko, that provides the core virtualization infrastructure and a processor specific module, kvm-intel.ko or kvm-amd.ko. KVM also requires a modified QEMU although work is underway to get the required changes upstream. Using KVM, one can run multiple virtual machines running unmodified Linux or Windows images. Each virtual machine has private virtualized hardware: a network card, disk, graphics adapter, etc.

VServer

  • Linux-VServer provides virtualization for GNU/Linux systems. This is accomplished by kernel level isolation. It allows to run multiple virtual units at once. Those units are sufficiently isolated to guarantee the required security, but utilize available resources efficiently, as they run on the same kernel.

etc.

Filesystem

Knowledge management

Video streaming

Media

See also Media#Platforms.2Fstacks

Push/pull

Superfeedr

Storage

WebDAV

"Linux users can mount WebDAV shares using the davfs2 and the fusedav file system modules which mount them as Coda or FUSE filesystems. KDE has native WebDAV support as part of kio_http. This enables Dolphin, Konqueror, and every other KDE application to interact directly with WebDAV servers. Nautilus also has WebDAV support built in. Many Linux distributions also include the cadaver command-line client interface, which provides an FTP-like command set. The Apache HTTP Server provides WebDAV modules based on both davfs and Apache Subversion (svn)."

  • fusedav is a Linux userspace file system driver for mounting WebDAV shares. It makes use of FUSE as userspace file system API and neon as WebDAV API.

Other

Remote

Co-lo

Troubleshooting

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