HTML/CSS

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to merge from bits of design. aaand break out. and generally sort.

Standards

HTML

Comments

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CSS

Docs, guides, etc.

Basics

  • A Beginner’s Guide to HTML & CSS is a simple and comprehensive guide dedicated to helping beginners learn HTML and CSS. Outlining the fundamentals, this guide works through all common elements of front-end design and development.

Resources

  • W3Techs - World Wide Web Technology Surveys

Articles

Project basics

Favicon


Resets, normalize, etc.

Different browsers have different defaults. You can either reset them to zero, or normalise with cross-browser sensible defaults.

Polyfills, shim/shivs

For fixing the lack of HTML5/CSS3 support in older browsers.

  • Modernizr is a small JavaScript library that detects the availability of native implementations for next-generation web technologies, i.e. features that stem from the HTML5 and CSS3 specifications. Many of these features are already implemented in at least one major browser (most of them in two or more), and what Modernizr does is, very simply, tell you whether the current browser has this feature natively implemented or not.]

Filters

Structure and elements

  • sections;
    • body, section, nav, article, aside, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, hgroup, header, footer, address
  • grouping;
    • p, hr, pre, blockquote, ol, ul, li, dl, dt, dd, figure, figcaption, div
  • text level;
    • a, em, strong, small, s, cite, q, dfn, abbr, data, time, code, var, samp, kbd, sub/sup, i, b, u, mark, ruby, rt, rp, bdi, bdo, span, br, wbr

Lists

From Wikipedia; 

list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);

Forms and input

Tab order

Pseudo-elements

q::before { content: "»" }
q::after { content: '«' }

Was just one colon, but CSS3 added another to distinguish from pseudo-classes. 

content: "";
  needed to display

element {
  position: relative;
  background: black; 
}

element:before, element:after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  background: black;  /* Match the background */
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  width: 9999px;   /* some huge width */
}

element:before {
  right: 100%; 
}

element:after {
  left: 100%;
}

html, body {
   overflow-x: hidden;
}

To the left; 

element:after {
  display: none;
}

To the right; 

element:before {
  width: 20px;
}

Step it up, step it up, it's alright.

Units

  • 1em - element font size (affected by element nesting depth)
  • 1rem - root element font size
  • 1em = 16px (by default anyway)
  • 1px (css pixel) = 1/96in
  • 1vp = 1% viewport width
  • 1in (inch) = 2.539954cm
  • 1pt (point) = 1/72in
  • 1pc (pica) = 12pt

rem

v*

100vw == window.width

examples

color

The color CSS property sets the foreground color of an element's text content, and its decorations. It doesn't affect any other characteristic of the element; it should really be called text-color and would have been named so, save for historical reasons and its appearance in CSS Level 1. Note that, the color value must be a uniform color, eventually not completely opaque, and can't be a <gradient> which is a <image> in CSS. 

color: red;                     // A CSS Level 1 color
color: orange;                  // The only color added in CSS Level 2 (Revision 1)
color: antiquewhite;            // A CSS Level 3 color, sometimes called a SVG or X11 color.
color: #0f0;                    // The color 'lime' defined using the 3-character dash notation.
color: #00ff00                  // The color 'lime' defined using the 6-character dash notation.
color: rgba( 34, 12, 64, 0.3);  // A color defined using of the available functional notations.
color: currentColor;            // The special keyword representing the color's value of its direct ancestor

color: inherit

Selectors

h1 + h2
  <h1></h1><h2></h2>

h1 > h2
  <h1><h2></h2></h1>

Specificity

http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4388649

Pseudo-classes

From Pseudo Class Selectors;

root - Selects the element that is at the root of the document. Almost certainly will select the <html> element, unless you are specifically working in some weird environment that somehow also allows CSS. Perhaps XML.
first-child - Selects the first element of its type within a parent.
last-child - Selects the last element of its type within a parent.
nth-child(N) - Selects elements based on a simple provided algebraic expression (e.g. "2n" or "4n-1"). Has the ability to do things like select even/odd elements, "every third", "the first five", and things like that. Covered in more detail here with a tester tool.
nth-of-type(N) - Works like :nth-child, but used in places where the elements at the same level are of different types. Like if inside a div you had a number of paragraphs and a number of images. You wanted to select all the odd images. :nth-child won't work there, you'd use div img:nth-of-type(odd). Particularly useful when working with definition lists and their alternating -dt- and -dd- elements.
first-of-type - Selects the first element of this type within any parent. So if you have two divs, each had within it a paragraph, image, paragraph, image. Then div img:first-of-type would select the first image inside the first div and the first image inside the second div.
last-of-type - Same as above, only would select the last image inside the first div and the last image inside the second div.
nth-last-of-type(N) - Works like :nth-of-type, but it counts up from the bottom instead of the top.
nth-last-child(N) - Works like :nth-child, but it counts up from the bottom instead of the top.
only-of-type - Selects only if the element is the only one of its kind within the current parent.

Layout

display

display: block - default 100% width, flows vertically
display: inline - consumes width of content, flows horizontally
display: inline-block
display: table-cell - vertical align method [2]
  http://www.quirksmode.org/css/display.html

float

float - floats element next to containing box or other floated element

position

position: absolute - out of flow
position: fixed

vertival align

overflow

http://colinaarts.com/articles/the-magic-of-overflow-hidden/

z-index

z-index works only on absolute or relative positioned elements.

via js; 

object.style.zIndex="1"

flexbox

box-sizing

Tips

css is stoopid

Text

See also Typography

text-shadow

text-stroke

Webkit only.

  • strokeText.js is an unobtrusive javascript library working in all the major browsers - Mozilla Firefox 1.5+, Opera 9+, Safari and IE6+. The library provides cross API text stroking capability for Canvas and VML. The (built in) sans-serif font is also adapted for SVG to ensure an identical representation.

strokeText.js is not a standalone application. It act's as an expansion to support core text stroke capability and has to be accessed via API, which is different for Canvas and VML.

Properties

border

border:  <border-width> || <border-style> || <color>

element { border: dashed }          /* dashed border of medium thickness, the same color as the text */
element { border: dotted 1.5em }    /* dotted, 1.5em thick border, the same color as the text */
element { border: solid red }       /* solid, red border of medium thickness */
element { border: solid blue 10px } /* solid, blue border of 10px thickness */

background

background: #f00;
background: url('http://example.com/image.png');
background: url(bgimage.jpg) no-repeat;
   etc.

Initial value: transparent || none || repeat || scroll || 0% 0% 

background-color: white;

background-image: url('file.png')

background-repeat: no-repeat;
  stops the image repeating (tiling)

background-attachment: scroll / fixed / local;

background-position: 0% 0%

background-size: 100%;
  make background exactly fit element
background-size: 50% 50%;

gradient

linear-gradient([ [ [ <angle> | to [top | bottom] || [left | right] ],]? <color-stop>[, <color-stop>]+);

background: linear-gradient(to right, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet);
background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom right, red, rgba(255,0,0,0));
  1. 00ffffff colour breaks Sass (argb hex)

mask

No IE or FF [5]. FF SVG hack.

box-shadow

box-shadow: inset? <offset-x> <offset-y> <blur-radius>? <spread-radius>? <color>?, .etc 

box-shadow: inset 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
box-shadow: inset 0 0.3em 10px -8px black;

white-space

outline

transform

  • CSS3Warp is a small (<8kb minified unzipped) javascript library for warping any HTML text around an arbitrary path. Text will look as if it were created with Illustrator's attach-to-path tool. Anyway it is pure HTML text that can be styled with CSS, copied and crawled. csswarp works standalone and does not rely on jQuery or another library (a jQuery plugin is in the works though). csswarp.js offers an extensive number of settings to adjust text warping. Right now it will work in every modern browser that supports css3 transforms. Support for IE versions <9 is planned for a future release.

transition

transition: color 1s ease;
transition: background 1s ease;
transition: background-color 1s ease;

transition-timing-function: ease
transition-timing-function: ease-in
transition-timing-function: ease-out
transition-timing-function: ease-in-out
transition-timing-function: linear
transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.1, 0.7, 1.0, 0.1)
transition-timing-function: step-start
transition-timing-function: step-stop
transition-timing-function: steps(4, end)

transition-timing-function: ease, step-start, cubic-bezier(0.1, 0.7, 1.0, 0.1)

Shapes

Content

Sprites

ls
  1.png  2.gif  dot.png  phoney.gif  tw.gif
convert *png *gif -append result/result-sprite.png

Data

Canvas

Microdata

IndexedDB

Animation

3D

Filters

only chrome has native support as of nov 2012.

Header, footer

Full screen

Misc

Accessibility

BS 8878, Web accessibility - Code of Practice, is consistent with the Equality Act 2010 and is referenced in the UK government’s e-Accessibility Action Plan

Headings should not be removed using display:none, because it removes the headings from assistive technology. Instead headings can be made invisible to sighted users using CSS class="element-invisible". [8]

robots.txt

Markup

Future

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