HTML/CSS

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to merge from bits of design. aaand break out. and generally sort.

Standards

HTML

CSS

Working Drafts

Docs, guides, etc.

Basics

  • A Beginner’s Guide to HTML & CSS is a simple and comprehensive guide dedicated to helping beginners learn HTML and CSS. Outlining the fundamentals, this guide works through all common elements of front-end design and development.

Resources

Articles

Tools

See also Browsers

Validation

Authoring

Bookmarklets

Overlay

div { outline:1px solid red; }

javascript:(function(){var t=['div','table','form','address','blockquote','h1','h2','h3','h4','h5','h6','p','pre','dd','dl','dt','ol','ul'];var c=['blue','blue','blue','red','red','red','red','red','red','red','red','red','red','green','green','green','green','green'];for (var i in t){var l=document.getElementsByTagName(t[i]);var j=0,e;while(e=l.item(j++)){e.style.outline='solid '+c[i]+' 1px';}}})();

Testing

  • Holmes is stand-alone diagnostic CSS stylesheet that can highlight potentially invalid, inaccessible or erroneous HTML(5) markup by adding one class.
    • Helps by showing errors

Testing

Browsers available:

  • Chromium 22 (Dev)
  • Google Chrome 20
  • Firefox 13
  • Firefox 16 (Nightly)
  • Opera 12

Plus Windows; Firefox, Chrome, IE.

To check

Tools

  • The Screening tool lets you automate testing of web-based applications. You can use it to; Create test scripts by recording actions that you perform on an application, Run automated tests applications, Script tests by using the Screening tool’s API

Structure

  • sections;
    • body, section, nav, article, aside, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, hgroup, header, footer, address
  • grouping;
    • p, hr, pre, blockquote, ol, ul, li, dl, dt, dd, figure, figcaption, div
  • text level;
    • a, em, strong, small, s, cite, q, dfn, abbr, data, time, code, var, samp, kbd, sub/sup, i, b, u, mark, ruby, rt, rp, bdi, bdo, span, br, wbr

Resets, normalize, etc.

Different browsers have different defaults.

Properties

Selectors

h1 + h2
  <h1></h1><h2></h2>

h1 > h2
  <h1><h2></h2></h1>
root - Selects the element that is at the root of the document. Almost certainly will select the <html> element, unless you are specifically working in some weird environment that somehow also allows CSS. Perhaps XML.
first-child - Selects the first element of its type within a parent.
last-child - Selects the last element of its type within a parent.
nth-child(N) - Selects elements based on a simple provided algebraic expression (e.g. "2n" or "4n-1"). Has the ability to do things like select even/odd elements, "every third", "the first five", and things like that. Covered in more detail here with a tester tool.
nth-of-type(N) - Works like :nth-child, but used in places where the elements at the same level are of different types. Like if inside a div you had a number of paragraphs and a number of images. You wanted to select all the odd images. :nth-child won't work there, you'd use div img:nth-of-type(odd). Particularly useful when working with definition lists and their alternating -dt- and -dd- elements.
first-of-type - Selects the first element of this type within any parent. So if you have two divs, each had within it a paragraph, image, paragraph, image. Then div img:first-of-type would select the first image inside the first div and the first image inside the second div.
last-of-type - Same as above, only would select the last image inside the first div and the last image inside the second div.
nth-last-of-type(N) - Works like :nth-of-type, but it counts up from the bottom instead of the top.
nth-last-child(N) - Works like :nth-child, but it counts up from the bottom instead of the top.
only-of-type - Selects only if the element is the only one of its kind within the current parent.

Specificity

p has a specificity of 1 (1 HTML)
div p has a specificity of 2 (2 HTML; 1+1)
.sith has a specificity of 10 (1 class)
div p.sith has a specificity of 12 (2 HTML and a class; 1+1+10)
#sith has a specificity of 100 (1 id)
body #darkside .sith p has a specificity of 112 (HTML, id, class, HTML; 1+100+10+1)

[2] [3] ([4]),[5]

Positioning

display: block - default 100% width, flows vertically
display: inline - consumes width of content, flows horizontally
display: inline-block
display: table-cell - vertical align method [6]
  http://www.quirksmode.org/css/display.html

float - floats element next to containing box or other floated element

position: absolute - out of flow

Tips

Background

Forms and buttons

http://nicolasgallagher.com/lab/css3-github-buttons/

Animations

Transitions

Transforms

Sprites

ls
  1.png  2.gif  dot.png  phoney.gif  tw.gif
convert *png *gif -append result/result-sprite.png

Data

Microdata

Header, footer

Outline

Menus

Gradients

Canvas

Full screen

Misc

JS Shims

For fixing the lack of HTML5/CSS3 support in older browsers.

Frameworks

Accessibility

See also Design

Headings should not be removed using display:none, because it removes the headings from assistive technology. Instead headings can be made invisible to sighted users using CSS class="element-invisible". [9]

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