Difference between revisions of "Research"

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== General ==
 
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See also [[Organising]], [[Learning]], [[Open data]]
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research - is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.
 
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The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences.
 
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There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.
 
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A researcher is a person engaged in conducting research, possibly recognized as an occupation by a formal job title. In order to be social researcher or social scientist, one should have enormous knowledge of subject related to social science that they are specialized in. Similarly, in order to be natural science researcher, the person should have knowledge on field related to natural science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy, Zoology and so on).
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research#Research_methods - is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research, are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.
 
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* http://emedia.rmit.edu.au/learninglab/content/writing-skills
 
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* [http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/bundy/how-tos/resbible.html The Researcher's Bible] - Alan Bundy, Ben du Boulay, Jim Howe and Gordon Plotkin 1985
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method - an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century (with notable practitioners in previous centuries; see the article history of scientific method for additional detail.) It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation. It involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; the testability of hypotheses, experimental and the measurement-based statistical testing of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. These are principles of the scientific method, as distinguished from a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific enterprises.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_question
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis - is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Even though the words "hypothesis" and "theory" are often used interchangeably, a scientific hypothesis is not the same as a scientific theory. A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research in a process beginning with an educated guess or thought.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_definition - defines a term in an academic discipline, functioning as a proposal to see a phenomenon in a certain way. A theoretical definition is a proposed way of thinking about potentially related events. Theoretical definitions contain built-in theories; they cannot be simply reduced to describing a set of observations. The definition may contain implicit inductions and deductive consequences that are part of the theory. A theoretical definition of a term can change, over time, based on the methods in the field that created it.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_hypothesis - a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further ongoing research in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations, which can be linked to deductive, exploratory research in empirical investigation and is often used as a conceptual framework in qualitative research. The term "working" indicates that the hypothesis is subject to change.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_validity - the extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect, within the context of a particular study. It is one of the most important properties of scientific studies and is an important concept in reasoning about evidence more generally. Internal validity is determined by how well a study can rule out alternative explanations for its findings (usually, sources of systematic error or 'bias',. It contrasts with external validity, the extent to which results can justify conclusions about other contexts (that is, the extent to which results can be generalized).
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_validity - the validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study outside the context of that study. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to and across other situations, people, stimuli, and times.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_validity - often used to refer to the judgment of whether a given study's variables and conclusions (often collected in lab, are sufficiently relevant to its population (e.g. the "real world" context). Psychological studies are usually conducted in laboratories though the goal of these studies is to understand human behavior in the real-world. Ideally, an experiment would have generalizable results that predict behavior outside of the lab, thus having more ecological validity. Ecological validity can be considered a commentary on the relative strength of a study's implication(s) for policy, society, culture, etc.
 
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* [https://www.albany.edu/cpr/brunswik/notes/essay2.html Brunswik Essay #2 - Ecological Validity: Then and Now] - Kenneth R. Hammond, Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychology University of Colorado
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_definition - specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct. In the words of American psychologist S.S. Stevens (1935), "An operation is the performance which we execute in order to make known a concept." For example, an operational definition of "fear" (the construct) often includes measurable physiologic responses that occur in response to a perceived threat. Thus, "fear" might be operationally defined as specified changes in heart rate, galvanic skin response, pupil dilation, and blood pressure.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operationalization - a process of defining the measurement of a phenomenon which is not directly measurable, though its existence is inferred from other phenomena. Operationalization thus defines a fuzzy concept so as to make it clearly distinguishable, measurable, and understandable by empirical observation. In a broader sense, it defines the extension of a concept—describing what is and is not an instance of that concept.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRAD - a common organizational structure (a document format). IMRaD is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type.
 
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* [https://researchwithfawad.com/index.php/listintroduction/guide-to-writing-research-contributions-a-step-by-step-approach/ Guide to Writing Research Contributions: A Step by Step Approach - ResearchWithFawad] - One of the greatest weaknesses in academic research, which could be easily improved, is making greater theoretical contributions in empirical studies. This tutorial serves as a step-by-step guide on how to write theoretical contributions.
 
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* [https://researchwithfawad.com/index.php/listintroduction/what-constitutes-theoretical-contribution/ What Constitutes a Theoretical Contribution - ResearchWithFawad]
 
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* [https://blogs.aalto.fi/writingaboutdesign/2020/11/12/typology-of-possible-research-findings-i-e-contributions/ Typology of possible research findings (i.e., “contributions”) | Writing about Design]
 
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* [https://plain-text.co/ The Plain Person’s Guide to Plain Text Social Science] - As a beginning graduate student in the social sciences, what sort of software should you use to do your work?1 More importantly, what principles should guide your choices? I offer some general considerations and specific answers. The short version is: you should use tools that give you more control over the process of data analysis and writing. I recommend you write prose and code using a good text editor; analyze quantitative data with R and RStudio, or use Stata; minimize error by storing your work in a simple format (plain text is best), and make a habit of documenting what you’ve done. For data analysis, consider using a format like RMarkdown and tools like Knitr to make your work more easily reproducible for your future self. Use Pandoc to turn your plain-text documents into PDF, HTML, or Word files to share with others. Keep your projects in a version control system. Back everything up regularly. Make your computer work for you by automating as many of these steps as you can.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRAD - a common organizational structure (a document format). IMRaD is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_program
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research - also called '''pure research''', '''fundamental research''', '''basic science''', or '''pure science''', is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and predication of natural or other phenomena. In contrast, applied research uses scientific theories to develop technology or techniques which can be used to intervene and alter natural or other phenomena. Though often driven simply by curiosity, basic research often fuels the technological innovations of applied science. The two aims are often practiced simultaneously in coordinated research and development. In addition to innovations, basic research also serves to provide insight into nature around us and allows us to respect its innate value. The development of this respect is what drives conservation efforts. Through learning about the environment, conservation efforts can be strengthened using research as a basis. Technological innovations can unintentionally be created through this as well, as seen with examples such as kingfishers' beaks affecting the design for high speed bullet train in Japan.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science#Applied_research - the practical application of science. It accesses and uses accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific state-, business-, or client-driven purpose. In contrast to engineering, applied research does not include analyses or optimization of business, economics, and costs. Applied research can be better understood in any area when contrasting it with, basic, or pure, research. Basic geography research strives to create new theories and methods that aid in the explanation of the processes that shape the spatial structure of physical or human environments. Rather, applied research utilizes the already existing geographical theories and methods to comprehend and address particular empirical issues. Applied research usually has specific commercial objectives related to products, procedures, or services. The comparison of pure research and applied research provides a basic framework and direction for businesses to follow. Applied research deals with solving practical problems and generally employs empirical methodologies. Because applied research resides in the messy real world, strict research protocols may need to be relaxed. For example, it may be impossible to use a random sample. Thus, transparency in the methodology is crucial. Implications for interpretation of results brought about by relaxing an otherwise strict canon of methodology should also be considered.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_research - also called '''translation research''', '''translational science''', or, when the context is clear, simply '''translation''', is research aimed at translating (converting) results in basic research into results that directly benefit humans. The term is used in science and technology, especially in biology and medical science. As such, translational research forms a subset of applied research.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_research - a philosophy and methodology of research generally applied in the social sciences. It seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection. Kurt Lewin, then a professor a MIT, first coined the term "action research" in 1944. In his 1946 paper "Action Research and Minority Problems" he described action research as "a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action" that uses "a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action and fact-finding about the result of the action". Action research is an interactive inquiry process that balances problem-solving actions implemented in a collaborative context with data-driven collaborative analysis or research to understand underlying causes enabling future predictions about personal and organizational change.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_inquiry - also known as '''collaborative inquiry''', is a form of action research that was first proposed by John Heron in 1971 and later expanded with Peter Reason. The major idea of cooperative inquiry is to "research 'with' rather than 'on' people". It emphasizes that all active participants are fully involved in research decisions as co-researchers. Cooperative inquiry creates a research cycle among four different types of knowledge: propositional knowing (as in contemporary science,, practical knowing (the knowledge that comes with actually doing what you propose), experiential knowing (the feedback we get in real time about our interaction with the larger world) and presentational knowing (the artistic rehearsal process through which we craft new practices).
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_action_research - an approach to action research emphasizing participation and action by members of communities affected by that research. It seeks to understand the world by trying to change it, collaboratively and following reflection. PAR emphasizes collective inquiry and experimentation grounded in experience and social history. Within a PAR process, "communities of inquiry and action evolve and address questions and issues that are significant for those who participate as co-researchers". PAR contrasts with mainstream research methods, which emphasize controlled experimentation, statistical analysis, and reproducibility of findings. PAR practitioners make a concerted effort to integrate three basic aspects of their work: participation (life in society and democracy,, action (engagement with experience and history), and research (soundness in thought and the growth of knowledge). "Action unites, organically, with research" and collective processes of self-investigation. The way each component is actually understood and the relative emphasis it receives varies nonetheless from one PAR theory and practice to another. This means that PAR is not a monolithic body of ideas and methods but rather a pluralistic orientation to knowledge making and social change.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_intervention - a form of participatory action research that emphasizes working on the praxis potential, or phronesis, of its participants. This contrasts with other forms of participatory action research, which emphasize the collective modification of the external world. Praxis potential means the members' potential to reflexively work on their respective mentalities; participant here refers not just to the clientele beneficiaries of the praxis intervention project, but also the organisers and experts participating in such a project. Praxis intervention is intended to lead its members through a "participant objectivation". The method prioritizes unsettling the settled mentalities, especially where the settled mindsets prevalent in the social world or individuals is suspected to have sustained or contributed to their suffering or marginality.
 
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Praxis intervention makes research, creative expression or technology development into a bottom-up process. It democratizes making of art, science, technology and critical conscience. The praxis intervention method aims at provoking members to unsettle their settled mindsets and to have a fresh look at the world around and intervene. For instance, members may take a fresh critical look on the gender relations existing, if the praxis intervention method is applied to study gender relations. They would be unsettling their biographically and structurally ingrained perceptions of gender relations and freshly look at it. A gradual process by which members are helped to reflexively recognize the arbitrary and discriminating mindsets within themselves and the world around and working towards correcting it is praxis intervention. The praxis intervention method helps members to struggle against structurally ingrained discrimination
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_skies_research
 
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCM2hk54MbI Research Methodology Course (Self-Study)]
 
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* [https://internation.world/arguments-on-transition/chapter-4/ INTERNATION: Contributory research and social (self) sculpture]
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_communicative_methodology - Research methodology based on intersubjective dialogue and an egalitarian relationship between the research team and those being researched (Gomez & Latorre, 2005,.Current societies are characterized for using dialogue in different domains, seeing it as necessary for social progress and for avoiding different social conflicts (Castells 1996; Flecha, Gómez & Puigvert, 2003; Habermas, 2000). Critical communicative methodology is characterized for its dialogic orientation in different aspects of the research (Gomez & Flecha, 2004).
 
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* http://www.universetoday.com/108044/why-einstein-will-never-be-wrong/ [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7060577]
 
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* http://andrewgelman.com/2014/09/03/disagree-alan-turing-daniel-kahneman-regarding-strength-statistical-evidence/#.VAcdcfPG37I.twitter [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8263243]
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments
 
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* http://norvig.com/experiment-design.html
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_method
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrology
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_measurement
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_of_uncertainty
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_error
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_error
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility
 
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* https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7212171
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_sampling_method - also referred to as a daily diary method, or ecological momentary assessment (EMA), is an intensive longitudinal research methodology that involves asking participants to report on their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and/or environment on multiple occasions over time. Participants report on their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and/or environment in the moment (right then, not later; right there, not elsewhere) or shortly thereafter. Participants can be given a journal with many identical pages. Each page can have a psychometric scale, open-ended questions, or anything else used to assess their condition in that place and time. ESM studies can also operate fully automatized on portable electronic devices or via the internet.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_report - a publication that reports on the findings of a research project or alternatively .. Research reports are produced by many sectors including industry, education, government and non-government organizations and may be disseminated internally, or made public (i.e. published) however they are not usually available from booksellers or through standard commercial publishing channels. Research reports are also issued by governmental and international organizations, such as UNESCO. There are various distribution models for research reports with the main ones being: public distribution for free or open access; limited distribution to clients and customers; or sold commercially. For example market research reports are often produced for sale by specialist market research companies, investment companies may provide research reports to clients while government agencies and civil society organizations such as UNESCO, the World Health Organization and many others often provide free access to organization research reports in the public interest or for a range of organization requirements and objectives.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_review - an overview of the previously published works on a topic. The term can refer to a full scholarly paper or a section of a scholarly work such as a book, or an article. Either way, a literature review is supposed to provide the researcher/author and the audiences with a general image of the existing knowledge on the topic under question. A good literature review can ensure that a proper research question has been asked and a proper theoretical framework and/or research methodology have been chosen. To be precise, a literature review serves to situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide context for the reader. In such case, the review usually precedes the methodology and results sections of the work. Producing a literature review is often a part of graduate and post-graduate student work, including in the preparation of a thesis, dissertation, or a journal article. Literature reviews are also common in a research proposal or prospectus (the document that is approved before a student formally begins a dissertation or thesis,. A literature review can be a type of review article. In this sense, a literature review is a scholarly paper that presents the current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources and do not report new or original experimental work. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such reviews are found in academic journals and are not to be confused with book reviews, which may also appear in the same publication. Literature reviews are a basis for research in nearly every academic field.
 
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The main types of literature reviews are: evaluative, exploratory, and instrumental. A fourth type, the systematic review, is often classified separately, but is essentially a literature review focused on a research question, trying to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high-quality research evidence and arguments relevant to that question. A meta-analysis is typically a systematic review using statistical methods to effectively combine the data used on all selected studies to produce a more reliable result. Torraco (2016) describes an integrative literature review. The purpose of an integrative literature review is to generate new knowledge on a topic through the process of review, critique, and then synthesis of the literature under investigation.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_article - an article that summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic within a certain discipline. A review article is generally considered a secondary source since it may analyze and discuss the method and conclusions in previously published studies. It resembles a survey article or, in news publishing, overview article, which also surveys and summarizes previously published primary and secondary sources, instead of reporting new facts and results. Survey articles are however considered tertiary sources, since they do not provide additional analysis and synthesis of new conclusions. A review of such sources is often referred to as a tertiary review. Academic publications that specialize in review articles are known as review journals. Review journals have their own requirements for the review articles they accept, so review articles may vary slightly depending on the journal they are being submitted to.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_synthesis - the process of combining the results of multiple primary research studies aimed at testing the same conceptual hypothesis. It may be applied to either quantitative or qualitative research. Its general goals are to make the findings from multiple different studies more generalizable and applicable. It aims to generate new knowledge by combining and comparing the results of multiple studies on a given topic. One approach is to use a systematic review method.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_elicitation - the synthesis of opinions of authorities of a subject where there is uncertainty due to insufficient data or when such data is unattainable because of physical constraints or lack of resources. Expert elicitation is essentially a scientific consensus methodology. It is often used in the study of rare events. Expert elicitation allows for parametrization, an "educated guess", for the respective topic under study. Expert elicitation generally quantifies uncertainty.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review - a scholarly synthesis of the evidence on a clearly presented topic using critical methods to identify, define and assess research on the topic. A systematic review extracts and interprets data from published studies on the topic, then analyzes, describes, and summarizes interpretations into a refined conclusion. For example, a systematic review of randomized controlled trials is a way of summarizing and implementing evidence-based medicine.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis - a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies. Meta-analyses can be performed when there are multiple scientific studies addressing the same question, with each individual study reporting measurements that are expected to have some degree of error. The aim then is to use approaches from statistics to derive a pooled estimate closest to the unknown common truth based on how this error is perceived. It is thus a basic methodology of Metascience. Meta-analytic results are considered the most trustworthy source of evidence by the evidence-based medicine literature.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_literature - or gray literature) is materials and research produced by organizations outside of the traditional commercial or academic publishing and distribution channels. Common grey literature publication types include reports (annual, research, technical, project, etc.), working papers, government documents, white papers and evaluations. Organizations that produce grey literature include government departments and agencies, civil society or non-governmental organizations, academic centres and departments, and private companies and consultants.
 
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Grey literature may be difficult to discover, access, and evaluate, but this can be addressed through the formulation of sound search strategies. Grey literature may be made available to the public, or distributed privately within organizations or groups, and may lack a systematic means of distribution and collection. The standard of quality, review and production of grey literature can vary considerably.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_appraisal
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_authorship - of journal articles, books, and other original works is a means by which academics communicate the results of their scholarly work, establish priority for their discoveries, and build their reputation among their peers. Authorship is a primary basis that employers use to evaluate academic personnel for employment, promotion, and tenure. In academic publishing, authorship of a work is claimed by those making intellectual contributions to the completion of the research described in the work. In simple cases, a solitary scholar carries out a research project and writes the subsequent article or book. In many disciplines, however, collaboration is the norm and issues of authorship can be controversial. In these contexts, authorship can encompass activities other than writing the article; a researcher who comes up with an experimental design and analyzes the data may be considered an author, even if she or he had little role in composing the text describing the results. According to some standards, even writing the entire article would not constitute authorship unless the writer was also involved in at least one other phase of the project.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_writing - is writing about science, with an implication that the writing is by scientists and for an audience that primarily includes peers—those with sufficient expertise to follow in detail.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature - comprises academic papers that report original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences. Within a field of research, relevant papers are often referred to as "the literature". Academic publishing is the process of contributing the results of one's research into the literature, which often requires a peer-review process. Original scientific research published for the first time in scientific journals is called the primary literature. Patents and technical reports, for minor research results and engineering and design work (including computer software), can also be considered primary literature. Secondary sources include review articles (which summarize the findings of published studies to highlight advances and new lines of research) and books (for large projects or broad arguments, including compilations of articles). Tertiary sources might include encyclopedias and similar works intended for broad public consumption
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing - the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. Most academic work is published in academic journal articles, books or theses. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called "grey literature". Most scientific and scholarly journals, and many academic and scholarly books, though not all, are based on some form of peer review or editorial refereeing to qualify texts for publication. Peer review quality and selectivity standards vary greatly from journal to journal, publisher to publisher, and field to field.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal - or '''scholarly journal''' is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny, and discussion of research. They nearly universally require peer review or other scrutiny from contemporaries competent and established in their respective fields. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, or book reviews. The purpose of an academic journal, according to Henry Oldenburg (the first editor of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society), is to give researchers a venue to "impart their knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge, and perfecting all Philosophical Arts, and Sciences." The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Scientific journals and journals of the quantitative social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities and qualitative social sciences; their specific aspects are separately discussed.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal - a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by sharing findings from research with readers. They are normally specialized based on discipline, with authors picking which one they send their manuscripts to.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_journal - or '''overlay ejournal''' is a type of open access academic journal, almost always an online electronic journal (ejournal), that does not produce its own content, but selects from texts that are already freely available online. While many overlay journals derive their content from preprint servers, others, such as the Lund Medical Faculty Monthly, contain mainly papers published by commercial publishers, but with links to self-archived preprint or postprints when possible. The editors of an overlay journal locate suitable material from open access repositories and public domain sources, read it, and evaluate its worth. This evaluation may take the form of the judgement of a single editor or editors, or a full peer review process.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite - an XML format used to describe scientific literature published online. It is a technical standard developed by the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and approved by the American National Standards Institute with the code Z39.96-2012. The NISO project was a continuation of the work done by NLM/NCBI, and popularized by the NLM's PubMed Central as a de facto standard for archiving and interchange of scientific open-access journals and its contents with XML. With the NISO standardization the NLM initiative has gained a wider reach, and several other repositories, such as SciELO and Redalyc, adopted the XML formatting for scientific articles. The JATS provides a set of XML elements and attributes for describing the textual and graphical content of journal articles as well as some non-article material such as letters, editorials, and book and product reviews. JATS allows for descriptions of the full article content or just the article header metadata; and allows other kinds of contents, including research and non-research articles, letters, editorials, and book and product reviews.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eprint - or '''e-print''' is a digital version of a research document (usually a journal article, but could also be a thesis, conference paper, book chapter, or a book) that is accessible online, usually as green open access, whether from a local institutional or a central digital repository. When applied to journal articles, the term "eprints" covers both preprints (before peer review) and postprints (after peer review). Digital versions of materials other than research documents are not usually called e-prints, but some other name, such as e-books.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint - a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset version available free, before or after a paper is published in a journal.
 
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−
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_preprint_repositories
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postprint - a digital draft of a research journal article after it has been peer reviewed and accepted for publication, but before it has been typeset and formatted by the journal
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_monograph
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_(summary) - a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject. The terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In management reports, an executive summary usually contains more information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_abstract - also '''extended abstract''', is a short, lightly reviewed technical article that is usually presented with a short talk at a scientific conference. The length of the document is usually limited to 2 pages (including all text, figures, references and appendices), although some conferences may allow slightly longer articles. If the conference does not specify a document style, the standard double-column IEEE format is a common practice. Due to their purpose and short length, fast abstracts do not require a full treatment of results as expected of a full paper published at a conference or journal. Even less formal publications such as working papers and technical reports are usually based on established research projects, and on the other hand these rarely are peer reviewed before publication, and there is no formal publishing procedures for such reports.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_management - process of accepting and preparing abstracts for presentation at an academic conference. The process consists of either invited or proffered submissions of the abstract or summary of work. The abstract typically states the hypothesis, tools used in research or investigation, data collected, and a summary or interpretation of the data.
 
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WP: Category:Eprint_archives
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_journal_online_publishing_platforms
 
−
* https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Free_and_open-source_journal_management_software
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Publication_management_software
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_conference - or '''scientific conference''' (also '''congress''', '''symposium''', '''workshop''', or '''meeting''') is an event for researchers (not necessarily academics) to present and discuss their scholarly work. Together with academic or scientific journals and preprint archives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers. Further benefits of participating in academic conferences include learning effects in terms of presentation skills and “academic habitus”, receiving feedback from peers for one's own research, the possibility to engage in informal communication with peers about work opportunities and collaborations, and getting an overview of current research in one or more disciplines.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_proceedings - a collection of academic papers published in the context of an academic conference or workshop. Conference proceedings typically contain the contributions made by researchers at the conference. They are the written record of the work that is presented to fellow researchers. A less common, broader meaning of proceedings are the acts and happenings of an academic field, a learned society.
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conference_proceedings
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_scholarship - the use of digital evidence, methods of inquiry, research, publication and preservation to achieve scholarly and research goals. Digital scholarship can encompass both scholarly communication using digital media and research on digital media. An important aspect of digital scholarship is the effort to establish digital media and social media as credible, professional and legitimate means of research and communication. Digital scholarship has a close association with digital humanities, often serving as the umbrella term for discipline-agnostic digital research methods. Digital scholarship may also include born-digital means of scholarly communication that are more traditional, like online journals and databases, e-mail correspondence and the digital or digitized collections of research and academic libraries. Since digital scholarship is often concerned with the production and distribution of digital media, discussions about copyright, fair use and digital rights management (DRM) frequently accompany academic analysis of the topic. Combined with open access, digital scholarship is offered as a more affordable and open model for scholarly communication.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplinary_repository - an online archive containing works or data associated with these works of scholars in a particular subject area. Disciplinary repositories can accept work from scholars from any institution. A disciplinary repository shares the roles of collecting, disseminating, and archiving work with other repositories, but is focused on a particular subject area. These collections can include academic and research papers.
 
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Disciplinary repositories can acquire their content in many ways. Many rely on author or organization submissions, such as SSRN. Others such as CiteSeerX crawl the web for scholar and researcher websites and download publicly available academic papers from those sites. AgEcon, established in 1995, grew as a result of active involvement of academia and societies.
 
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A disciplinary repository generally covers one broad based discipline, with contributors from many different institutions supported by a variety of funders; the repositories themselves are likely to be funded from one or more sources within the subject community. Deposit of material in a disciplinary repository is sometimes mandated by research funders.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_data_archiving - the long-term storage of scholarly research data, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and life sciences. The various academic journals have differing policies regarding how much of their data and methods researchers are required to store in a public archive, and what is actually archived varies widely between different disciplines. Similarly, the major grant-giving institutions have varying attitudes towards public archival of data. In general, the tradition of science has been for publications to contain sufficient information to allow fellow researchers to replicate and therefore test the research. In recent years this approach has become increasingly strained as research in some areas depends on large datasets which cannot easily be replicated independently. Data archiving is more important in some fields than others. In a few fields, all of the data necessary to replicate the work is already available in the journal article. In drug development, a great deal of data is generated and must be archived so researchers can verify that the reports the drug companies publish accurately reflect the data.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_repository - an archive for collecting, preserving, and disseminating digital copies of the intellectual output of an institution, particularly a research institution. Academics also utilize their IRs for archiving published works to increase their visibility and collaboration with other academics However, most of these outputs produced by universities are not effectively accessed and shared by researchers and other stakeholders As a result Academics should be involved in the implementation and development of an IR project so that they can learn the benefits and purpose of building an IR.
 
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An institutional repository can be viewed as "a set of services that a university offers to members of its community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members." For a university, this includes materials such as monographs, eprints of academic journal articles—both before (preprints) and after (postprints) undergoing peer review—as well as electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). An institutional repository might also include other digital assets generated by academics, such as datasets, administrative documents, course notes, learning objects, academic posters or conference proceedings. Deposit of material in an institutional repository is sometimes mandated by an institution.
 
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Some of the main objectives for having an institutional repository are to provide open access to institutional research output by self-archiving in an open access repository, to create global visibility for an institution's scholarly research, and to store and preserve other institutional digital assets, including unpublished or otherwise easily lost ("grey") literature such as theses, working papers or technical reports.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Institutional_repository_software
 
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==== OpenAlex ====
 
−
* [https://openalex.org OpenAlex] - a free and open catalog of the world's scholarly papers, researchers, journals, and institutions — along with all the ways they're connected to one another. Using OpenAlex, you can build your own scholarly search engine, recommender service, or trend detector. You can help manage research by tracking impact, spotting emerging fields, and identifying key groups. And you can do research to better understand how scholarship works.. Because we think all research should be free and open, OpenAlex is free and open itself: We're operated by a sustainable and transparent nonprofit, our complete dataset is free under the CC0 license, We offer a free API, and Our code is fully open-source. We believe the global research system is one of humankind's most beautiful creations. OpenAlex aims to make that whole beautiful creation available to everyone, everywhere.
 
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==== arXiv ====
 
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* [http://arxiv.org/ arXiv] - an e-print service in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance and statistics, owned and operated by Cornell University.
 
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** [http://arxiv.culturomics.org/ bookworm ArXiv] - Search for trends in hundreds of thousands of articles on arxiv.org
 
−
** [http://paperscape.org/ Paperscape] - A map of 884,000 scientific papers from the arXiv. [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6314730] [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=10622437]
 
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−
* [http://www.arxiv-sanity.com/ Arxiv Sanity Preserver] - Web interface for browsing, search and filtering recent arxiv submissions
 
−
** https://github.com/karpathy/arxiv-sanity-preserver
 
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−
* [http://arxivist.com/ arxivist] - uses your preferences to sort arXiv articles --- making it easier to find new arXiv submissions that are pertinent to you.
 
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* [http://davidsd.org/2010/03/the-snarxiv/ The snarXiv] - The snarXiv is a random high-energy theory paper generator incorporating all the latest trends, entropic reasoning, and exciting moduli spaces. The arXiv is similar, but occasionally less random.
 
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* [http://snarxiv.org/vs-arxiv/ arXiv vs. snarXiv]
 
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==== bioRxiv ====
 
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* [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/about-biorxiv Advancing the sharing of research results for the life sciences] - pronounced "bio-archive") is a free online archive and distribution service for unpublished preprints in the life sciences. It is operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a not-for-profit research and educational institution. By posting preprints on bioRxiv, authors are able to make their findings immediately available to the scientific community and receive feedback on draft manuscripts before they are submitted to journals.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv - an open access preprint repository for the biological sciences co-founded by John Inglis and Richard Sever in November 2013. It is hosted by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL).
 
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==== medRxiv ====
 
−
* [https://www.medrxiv.org/ medRxiv.org - the preprint server for Health Sciences]
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedRxiv
 
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==== ViXra ====
 
−
* [http://vixra.org/ ViXra.org] - an e-print archive set up as an alternative to the popular arXiv.org service owned by Cornell University. It has been founded by scientists who find they are unable to submit their articles to arXiv.org because of Cornell University's policy of endorsements and moderation designed to filter out e-prints that they consider inappropriate.
 
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==== PLOS ====
 
−
* [http://www.plos.org/ Public Library of Science] (PLOS) is a nonprofit publisher, membership, and advocacy organization with a mission to accelerate progress in science and medicine by leading a transformation in research communication.
 
−
* [http://www.plosone.org/ PLOS ONE] is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access, online publication. PLOS ONE welcomes reports on primary research from any scientific discipline.
 
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==== to sort ====
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciELO - a bibliographic database, digital library, and cooperative electronic publishing model of open access journals. SciELO was created to meet the scientific communication needs of developing countries and provides an efficient way to increase visibility and access to scientific literature. Originally established in Brazil in 1997, today there are 16 countries in the SciELO network and its journal collections: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
 
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* [http://zetoc.jisc.ac.uk/ Zetoc] - one of the world’s most comprehensive research databases, giving you access to over 30,000 journals and more than 52 million article citations and conference papers through the British Library’s electronic table of contents.
 
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* https://github.com/tompccs/scoopy - A way for academics and research students to stay on top of research publications (using machine learning)
 
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* [http://freecite.library.brown.edu/ FreeCite] - an open-source application that parses document citations into fielded data. You can use it as a web application or a service. You can also download the source and run FreeCite on your own server. FreeCite is distributed under the MIT license.
 
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* [http://www.altmetric.com/ Altmetric] - a London-based start-up focused on making article level metrics easy. Our mission is to track and analyse the online activity around scholarly literature.
 
−
** http://api.altmetric.com/
 
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* [http://wokinfo.com/ Web of Knowledge] - (Thomson Reuters) is today's premier research platform for information in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities.
 
−
** http://xuguang.info/blog/2013/05/citation-network-visualize/
 
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−
* [https://selectedpapers.net/ SelectedPapers.net] - a free, open-source project aimed at improving the way people find, read, and share academic papers.
 
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−
* [http://scicurve.com/ SciCurve] - transforms the old indexed-search based method of systematic literature review into interactive and comprehensible environment.
 
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* [http://scienceseeker.org/ ScienceSeeker] - a central site for finding and following science news and discussion. We collect thousands of posts and articles from hundreds of science sources; we aim to be the most comprehensive science hub on the web.
 
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−
* [http://www.2cultures.net/ 2cultures.net] syndicates in real-time 100 English language Digital Humanities blogs and related sites from around
 
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the world.
 
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* [http://digitalhumanitiesnow.org/ Digital Humanities Now] showcases the scholarship and news of interest to the digital humanities community through a process of aggregation, discovery, curation, and review.
 
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* [http://econjwatch.org/ Econ Journal Watch] publishes Comments on articles appearing in economics journals and serves as a forum about economics research and the economics profession.
 
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* [http://jotwell.com/ Journal of Things We Like (Lots)] - JOTWELL - invites you to join us in filling a telling gap in legal scholarship by creating a space where legal academics can go to identify, celebrate, and discuss the best new legal scholarship.
 
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* http://www.reddit.com/r/math/comments/1gov71/mathematical_writing_synonyms_for_therefore/
 
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* [http://www.universalrejection.org/ Journal of Universal Rejection]
 
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* http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/ - french
 
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* https://peerj.com/
 
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* https://pubpeer.com/
 
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* http://philpapers.org/
 
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−
* [https://osf.io/  Open Science Framework] (OSF) supports the entire research lifecycle: planning, execution, reporting, archiving, and discovery.
 
−
** https://osf.io/8mpji/wiki/home/
 
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* http://retractionwatch.com/2016/09/13/we-have-an-epidemic-of-deeply-flawed-meta-analyses-says-john-ioannidis/ [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12535880]
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub - a website with over 64.5 million academic papers and articles available for direct download.[2] It bypasses publisher paywalls by allowing access through educational institution proxies. Sci-Hub stores papers in its own repository, and additionally the papers downloaded by Sci-Hub are also stored in Library Genesis (LibGen).
 
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* https://whereisscihub.now.sh
 
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−
* https://sci-bay.org [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16631913]
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics - the field of study which concerns itself with measuring and analysing scholarly literature. Scientometrics is a sub-field of informetrics. Major research issues include the measurement of the impact of research papers and academic journals, the understanding of scientific citations, and the use of such measurements in policy and management contexts. In practice there is a significant overlap between scientometrics and other scientific fields such as information systems, information science, science of science policy, sociology of science, and metascience. Critics have argued that over-reliance on scientometrics has created a system of perverse incentives, producing a publish or perish environment that leads to low-quality research.
 
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* [https://www.vosviewer.com/ VOSviewer] - a software tool for constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks. These networks may for instance include journals, researchers, or individual publications, and they can be constructed based on citation, bibliographic coupling, co-citation, or co-authorship relations. VOSviewer also offers text mining functionality that can be used to construct and visualize co-occurrence networks of important terms extracted from a body of scientific literature.
 
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−
* https://github.com/seinecle/vosviewer-tutorials - Documentation for VosViewer, a software for network visualization and scientometrics
 
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−
* [https://app.vosviewer.com/ VOSviewer Online]
 
−
** https://github.com/neesjanvaneck/VOSviewer-Online - a tool for network visualization. It is a web-based version of VOSviewer, a popular tool for constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks, such as co-authorship networks, citation networks, and co-occurrence networks.
 
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* [https://www.citnetexplorer.nl/ CitNetExplorer - Analyzing citation patterns in scientific literature] - software tool for visualizing and analyzing citation networks of scientific publications. The tool allows citation networks to be imported directly from the Web of Science database. Citation networks can be explored interactively, for instance by drilling down into a network and by identifying clusters of closely related publications.
 
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* [https://www.intechopen.com/books Open Access Books | IntechOpen] - Read, share and download more than 6,500 peer-reviewed Open Access books
 
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=== Peer review ===
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review - the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers). It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are used to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., medical peer review. It can also be used as a teaching tool to help students improve writing assignments.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review - or '''academic peer review''' (also known as '''refereeing''') is the process of having a draft version of a researcher's methods and findings reviewed (usually anonymously) by experts (or "peers") in the same field. Peer review is widely used for helping the academic publisher (that is, the editor-in-chief, the editorial board or the program committee) decide whether the work should be accepted, considered acceptable with revisions, or rejected for official publication in an academic journal, a monograph or in the proceedings of an academic conference. If the identities of authors are not revealed to each other, the procedure is called dual-anonymous peer review.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_peer_review - the various possible modifications of the traditional scholarly peer review process. The three most common modifications to which the term is applied are: Open identities: Authors and reviewers are aware of each other's identity. Open reports: Review reports are published alongside the relevant article (rather than being kept confidential). Open participation: The wider community (and not just invited reviewers) are able to contribute to the review process.
 
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−
* [https://blog.everydayscientist.com/replace-peer-review-with-peer-replication/ Everyday Scientist » Replace Peer Review with “Peer Replication”] - Instead of sending out a manuscript to anonymous referees to read and review, preprints should be sent to other labs to actually replicate the findings. Once the key findings are replicated, the manuscript would be accepted and published. [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37021264]
 
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−
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/535031a Let’s make peer review scientific | Nature] [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12042078]
 
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−
* [https://pubpeer.com/ PubPeer] - Search publications and join the conversation.
 
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=== Assessment ===
 
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_assessment
 
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_set
 
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−
* https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5364451
 
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence#Academia
 
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−
* http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elljwp/noblesavage.htm
 
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−
* http://www.rpajournal.com/assessing-writing-in-moocs-automated-essay-scoring-and-calibrated-peer-review/
 
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* http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/are-courses-outdated-mit-considers-offering-modules-instead [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8220500]
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_peer_commentary
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycoloquy
 
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−
* https://hardsci.wordpress.com/2016/08/11/everything-is-fucked-the-syllabus/
 
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=== Copyright ===
 
−
* http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/information-services/services/library-museum-gallery/library-help/copyright
 
−
* http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/information-services/services/research-support/publish-research/research-publications/copyright
 
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−
* http://www.euppublishing.com/page/infoZone/authors/Copyright
 
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−
* http://www.ed.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.25069!/fileManager/amendment_to_publication_agreement3.pdf
 
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−
* http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/ - silo ahoy!
 
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−
* http://wiki.publishing.umich.edu/Publishing_Agreements
 
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−
* http://www.library.arizona.edu/help/tutorials/copyright
 
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−
* Association of Research Libraries: [http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/issuebrief-mooc-22oct12.pdf Massive Open Online Courses: Legal and Policy Issues for Research Libraries]
 
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−
* http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/information-services/about/news/copyright-seminar - didn't touch on existing copyleft accomodating employee contract implementations
 
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* http://svpow.com/2013/12/17/elsevier-steps-up-its-war-on-access/
 
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−
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLYR7SRbZDI&feature=youtu.be
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serials_crisis - describes the problem of rising subscription costs of serial publications, especially scholarly journals, outpacing academic institutions' library budgets and limiting their ability to meet researchers' needs. The prices of these institutional or library subscriptions have been rising much faster than inflation for several decades, while the funds available to the libraries have remained static or have declined in real terms. As a result, academic and research libraries have regularly canceled serial subscriptions to accommodate price increases of the remaining subscriptions. The increased prices have also led to the increased popularity of shadow libraries.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_library - are online databases of readily available content that is normally obscured or otherwise not readily accessible. Such content may be inaccessible for a number of reasons, including the use of paywalls, copyright controls, or other barriers to accessibility placed upon the content by its original owners. Shadow libraries usually consist of textual information as in electronic books, but may also include other digital media, including software, music, or films. Examples of shadow libraries include Anna's Archive, Library Genesis, Sci-Hub and Z-Library, which are popular book and academic shadow libraries and may be the largest public libraries for books and literature.
 
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=== Copyleft / Open Access ===
 
−
See also [[Free/open]]
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access - a set of principles and a range of practices through which research outputs are distributed online, free of access charges or other barriers. Under some models of open access publishing, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an open license for copyright.
 
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The main focus of the open access movement is "peer reviewed research literature". Historically, this has centered mainly on print-based academic journals. Whereas non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, site licenses or pay-per-view charges, open-access journals are characterised by funding models which do not require the reader to pay to read the journal's contents, relying instead on author fees or on public funding, subsidies and sponsorships. Open access can be applied to all forms of published research output, including peer-reviewed and non peer-reviewed academic journal articles, conference papers, theses, book chapters, monographs, research reports and images.
 
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Since the revenue of most open access journals is earned from publication fees charged to the authors, OA publishers are motivated to increase their profits by accepting low-quality papers and by not performing thorough peer review. On the other hand, the prices for OA publications in the most prestigious journals have exceeded 5,000 US$ per article, making such publishing model unaffordable to a large number of researchers. This increase in publishing cost has been called the "Open-Access Sequel to [the] Serials Crisis".
 
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−
* https://oad.simmons.edu - a compendium of simple factual lists about open access (OA) to science and scholarship, maintained by the OA community at large. By bringing many OA-related lists together in one place, OAD makes it easier for everyone to discover them, use them for reference, and update them. The easier they are to maintain and discover, the more effectively they can spread useful, accurate information about OA.
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_open_access
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_open-access_movement
 
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−
* https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Bibliography_of_open_access
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversive_Proposal - was an Internet posting by Stevan Harnad on June 27 1994 (presented at the 1994 Network Services Conference in London ) calling on all authors of "esoteric" research writings to archive their articles for free for everyone online (in anonymous FTP archives or websites). It initiated a series of online exchanges, many of which were collected and published as a book in 1995: "Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing". This led to the creation in 1997 of Cogprints, an open access archive for self-archived articles in the cognitive sciences and in 1998 to the creation of the American Scientist Open Access Forum (initially called the "September98 Forum" until the founding of the Budapest Open Access Initiative which first coined the term "Open Access"). The Subversive Proposal also led to the development of the GNU EPrints software used for creating OAI-compliant open access institutional repositories, and inspired CiteSeer, a tool to locate and index the resulting eprints. The proposal was updated gradually across the years, as summarized in the American Scientist Open Access Forum on its 10th anniversary. A retrospective was written by Richard Poynder. A self-critique was posted on its 15th anniversary in 2009. An online interview of Stevan Harnad was conducted by Richard Poynder on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the subversive proposal.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative - a public statement of principles relating to open access to the research literature, which was released to the public on February 14, 2002. It arose from a conference convened in Budapest by the Open Society Institute on December 1–2, 2001 to promote open access which at that time was also known as Free Online Scholarship. This small gathering of individuals has been recognised as one of the major defining events of the open access movement. As of 2021, the text of the initiative had been translated to 13 languages.
 
−
On the 10th anniversary of the initiative in 2012, the ends and means of the original initiative were reaffirmed and supplemented with a set of concrete recommendations for achieving open access in the next 10 years.
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing - a 2003 statement which defines the concept of open access and then supports that concept.
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities - an international statement on open access and access to knowledge. It emerged from a conference on open access hosted in the Harnack House in Berlin by the Max Planck Society in 2003.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition - an international alliance of academic and research libraries developed by the Association of Research Libraries in 1998 which promotes open access to scholarship. The coalition currently includes some 800 institutions in North America, Europe, Japan, China and Australia.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_mandate - a policy adopted by a research institution, research funder, or government which requires or recommends researchers—usually university faculty or research staff and/or research grant recipients—to make their published, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers open access by self-archiving their final, peer-reviewed drafts in a freely accessible institutional repository or disciplinary repository ("Green OA") or (2) by publishing them in an open-access journal ("Gold OA") or both.
 
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−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_access_archives
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_repository - '''open repository''' or '''open-access repository''' is a digital platform that holds research output and provides free, immediate and permanent access to research results for anyone to use, download and distribute. To facilitate open access such repositories must be interoperable according to the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). Search engines harvest the content of open access repositories, constructing a database of worldwide, free of charge available research. Open-access repositories, such as an institutional repository or disciplinary repository, provide free access to research for users outside the institutional community and are one of the recommended ways to achieve the open access vision described in the Budapest Open Access Initiative definition of open access. This is sometimes referred to as the self-archiving or "green" route to open access.
 
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−
* https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Free_and_open-source_repository_software
 
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* [https://orcid.org/ ORCID] - provides a persistent digital identifier (an ORCID iD) that you own and control, and that distinguishes you from every other researcher. You can connect your iD with your professional information — affiliations, grants, publications, peer review, and more. You can use your iD to share your information with other systems, ensuring you get recognition for all your contributions, saving you time and hassle, and reducing the risk of errors.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORCID - Open Researcher and Contributor ID, is a nonproprietary alphanumeric code to uniquely identify authors and contributors of scholarly communication as well as ORCID's website and services to look up authors and their bibliographic output (and other user-supplied pieces of information).
 
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* https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Disciplinary_repositories - a list of OA disciplinary repositories (also called central or subject repositories
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Open-access_archives
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories - a searchable international database indexing the creation, location and growth of open access institutional repositories and their contents. ROAR was created by EPrints at University of Southampton, UK, in 2003. It began as the Institutional Archives Registry and was renamed Registry of Open Access Repositories in 2006. To date, over 3,000 institutional and cross-institutional repositories have been registered.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDOAR - a UK-based website that lists open access repositories (including academic ones). It is searchable by locale, content, and other measures. The service does not require complete repository details and does not search repositories' metadata.
 
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* [https://www.oclc.org/en/oaister.html OAIster: Catalog of open access resources | OCLC] - a union catalog of millions of records that represent open access resources. This catalog was built through harvesting from open access collections worldwide using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). Today, OAIster includes more than 50 million records that represent digital resources from more than 2,000 contributors.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAIster - an online combined bibliographic catalogue of open access material aggregated using OAI-PMH.
 
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* http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Creative_Commons_and_Open_Access
 
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−
* http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/34852
 
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−
* http://library.osu.edu/blogs/copyright/
 
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−
* http://www.jisc.ac.uk/inform/inform31/Jol-Ito-Education.html
 
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−
* http://www.open.ac.uk/about/main/admin-and-governance/policies-and-statements/copyright-the-openlearn-website
 
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−
* http://www.open.edu/openlearn/
 
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* http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/open
 
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* http://unow.nottingham.ac.uk/
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossref - a nonprofit open digital infrastructure organisation for the global scholarly research community. Uniquely and persistently recording and connecting knowledge through open metadata and identifiers for all research objects such as grants and articles. It is the largest digital object identifier (DOI) Registration Agency of the International DOI Foundation. Crossref interlinks millions of items from a variety of content types, including journals, books, conference proceedings, research grants, working papers, technical reports, and data sets. Linked content includes materials from scientific, technical, and medical (STM), and social sciences and humanities (SSH) disciplines.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare - an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data. Figshare is one of a number of portfolio businesses supported by Digital Science, a subsidiary of Springer Nature.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare - an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data. Figshare is one of a number of portfolio businesses supported by Digital Science, a subsidiary of Springer Nature.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryad_(repository)
 
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* [https://www.re3data.org re3data.org] - global registry of research data repositories that covers research data repositories from different academic disciplines. It includes repositories that enable permanent storage of and access to data sets to researchers, funding bodies, publishers, and scholarly institutions. re3data promotes a culture of sharing, increased access and better visibility of research data. The registry has gone live in autumn 2012 and has been funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
 
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* http://creativecommons.org/science
 
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* http://freeourbooks.wordpress.com/
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources
 
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* [http://jorum.ac.uk/ Jorum] is the place where you will find free open educational resources produced by the UK Further and Higher Education community.
 
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−
* [http://writersinspire.org/ Great Writers Inspire] - This collection of freely available literary resources is aimed at students from sixth-form to university, their teachers, and at lifelong learners. It contains lectures, eBooks and contextual essays for reuse by individuals and the educational community.
 
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−
* http://hlsweb.dmu.ac.uk/ahs/elearning/RITA/Resources.html
 
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* https://openeducationalresources.pbworks.com/w/page/24836480/Home
 
−
* https://oersynth.pbworks.com/w/page/29595671/OER%20Synthesis%20and%20Evaluation%20Project
 
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* [http://www.ck12.org/ CK-12] provides open-source content and technology tools to help teachers provide learning opportunities for students globally.
 
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−
* https://openstaxcollege.org/books
 
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−
* [http://open-access.org.uk/ UK Open Access Implementation Group] adds value to the work of the member organisations to increase the rate at which the outputs from UK research are available on OA terms.
 
−
 
−
* [http://openaccess.eprints.org/ Open Access Archivangelism] by Stevan Harnad
 
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−
* [http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/open-access Open Access] by Peter Suber
 
−
 
−
* [http://sciencecitizen.org/?p=219 Our tribute to Aaron Swartz – #pdftribute]
 
−
 
−
* [http://onesearch.library.utoronto.ca/oaweek/scholarly-communication-open-access Scholarly Communication & Open Access]
 
−
 
−
* [http://oaindex.org/ Open Access Index] - a method to measure an author's engagement with Open Access. Is there a need, and how should the index be calculated?
 
−
 
−
* Jisc: [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/publications/programme/2011/scaembeddingcclicencesbp.pdf Briefing Paper on Embedding Creative Commons Licences into Digital Resources]
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.doaj.org/ DOAJ]: Directory of Open Access Journals
 
−
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals
 
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−
* http://www.plosone.org/home.action
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.oclc.org/ OCLC] is a worldwide library cooperative, providing services and research to improve access to the world’s information.
 
−
** [http://www.oclc.org/oaister.en.html?urlm=168646 OAIster] is a union catalog of millions of records representing open access resources that was built by harvesting from open access collections worldwide using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). Today, OAIster includes more than 30 million records representing digital resources from more than 1,500 contributors.
 
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−
* [http://www.ssrn.com/ Social Science Research Network] (SSRN) is devoted to the rapid worldwide dissemination of social science research and is composed of a number of specialized research networks in each of the social sciences.
 
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−
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed PubMed] comprises more than 23 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
 
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−
* http://www.caltech.edu/content/caltech-announces-open-access-policy
 
−
 
−
* http://www.scirp.org/journal/OpenAccess.aspx
 
−
 
−
* http://blogs.plos.org/scicomm/2015/04/13/hello-world/ [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9394181]
 
−
 
−
* https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12435236
 
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−
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata
 
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−
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-band_signaling
 
−
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-band_signal
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_(metadata)
 
−
 
−
* http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2005/Tagging_and_Why_It_Matters
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksonomy
 
−
 
−
* [http://arxiv.org/pdf/0903.1788v1.pdf The Role of Tag Suggestions in Folksonomies]
 
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−
* [https://github.com/weso/acota-core ACOTA] (Automatic Collaborative Tagging). It is a Java-based library for suggesting tags in a collaborative and automatic way. It is based on the use of folksonomies to manage the tags and provide advanced services of automatic learning, reasoning, etc.
 
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−
* https://twitter.com/chrismessina/status/223115412 - first hashtag
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform
 
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−
* http://wiki.creativecommons.org/XMP
 
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* [https://www.openarchives.org/ Open Archives Initiative] -  The Open Archives Initiative develops and promotes interoperability standards that aim to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content. OAI has its roots in the open access and institutional repository movements. Continued support of this work remains a cornerstone of the Open Archives program. Over time, however, the work of OAI has expanded to promote broad access to digital resources for eScholarship, eLearning, and eScience.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative_Protocol_for_Metadata_Harvesting - a protocol developed for harvesting metadata descriptions of records in an archive so that services can be built using metadata from many archives. An implementation of OAI-PMH must support representing metadata in Dublin Core, but may also support additional representations. The protocol is usually just referred to as the OAI Protocol.
 
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−
* [http://www.openarchives.org/Register/BrowseSites OAI-PMH Registered Data Providers] - page lists registered OAI conforming repositories, registered through our registration and validation page. Currently there are 6152 such repositories. The table may be sorted either by the Repository Name, the base URL, or the oai-identifier namespace (if defined; used in the oai-identifier scheme).For each repository you may view the registration record from the database, or alternatively, if your browser can render XML, you may issue an Identify request to the selected repository and receive the current XML response. Service providers can get an XML formatted list of base URLs of registered data providers from http://www.openarchives.org/Register/ListFriends . View Repository Name base
 
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−
=== Jisc ===
 
−
* [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/ Jisc] - drives innovation in UK education and research, and have been doing so for more than 15 years. registered charity working on behalf of UK higher education, further education and skills to champion the use of digital technologies. Historically, JISC stood for Joint Information Systems Committee
 
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−
* [http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/ JISC Digital Media] - helps the UK’s higher education, further education and skills communities embrace and maximise the use of digital media (still images, sound and video).
 
−
* [http://www.jiscadvance.ac.uk/ JIsc Advance] brought together collective expertise to help organisations get the most from technology. Its services (such as the Regional Support Centres, Jisc Legal and Jisc TechDis) continue to run, but the organisation itself closed in July 2013.
 
−
* [https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk JISCMail] has a large collection of groups which enable academics, support staff and researchers to collaborate
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/di_informationandlibraries/emergingopportunities/benefitsofsharingscotland.aspx The Benefits of Sharing (TBOS)]
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/inform/inform33/OpenWorking.html Open doors] - We asked JISC colleagues: what aspect of your work has made the biggest difference to supporting people in universities, colleges and other learning providers to work more openly?
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.oss-watch.ac.uk/ OSS Watch] provides unbiased advice and guidance on the use, development, and licensing of free software, open source software, and open source hardware.
 
−
 
−
* http://www.edmediashare.org/
 
−
 
−
 
−
=== Knowledge sharing ===
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Research_Data_Repositories - a global registry of research data repositories from all academic disciplines. It provides an overview of existing research data repositories in order to help researchers to identify a suitable repository for their data and thus comply with requirements set out in data policies. The registry was officially launched in May 2013.
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Research - formerly known as ImpactStory, is a nonprofit organization which creates and distributes tools and services for libraries, institutions and researchers. The organization follows open practices with their data (to the extent allowed by providers' terms of service), code, and governance
 
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−
* [http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ RoMEO] is part of SHERPA Services based at the University of Nottingham. RoMEO has collaborative relationships with many international partners, who contribute time and effort to developing and maintaining the service. Current RoMEO development is funded by JISC.
 
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−
* [http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/humanities-soc-sci/research-ke Humanities & Social Science: Research & Knowledge Exchange] - UoE
 
−
* http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/research/overview/offices,_support_and_resources
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.ahrc.ac.uk/ AHRC] is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, along with the other UK Research Councils.
 
−
 
−
* [http://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/ CiteSeerx] is an evolving scientific literature digital library and search engine that has focused primarily on the literature in computer and information science. CiteSeerx aims to improve the dissemination of scientific literature and to provide improvements in functionality, usability, availability, cost, comprehensiveness, efficiency, and timeliness in the access of scientific and scholarly knowledge. Rather than creating just another digital library, CiteSeerx attempts to provide resources such as algorithms, data, metadata, services, techniques, and software that can be used to promote other digital libraries. CiteSeerx has developed new methods and algorithms to index PostScript and PDF research articles on the Web. Citeseerx provides the following features.
 
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−
* [http://stko.geog.ucsb.edu/node/6 Citation Map: Visualizing The Spread Of Scientific Ideas Through Space And Time]
 
−
** YouTube: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdQwEAVTI20 Citation Map: Visualizing how scientific ideas spread throughout the world]
 
−
 
−
* http://www.reddit.com/r/scholar
 
−
** http://titojankowski.com/get-journal-articles-free/
 
−
 
−
* http://www.dcc.ac.uk/ - dead?
 
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−
 
−
* http://theoj.org/
 
−
 
−
 
−
* http://www.nature.com/news/online-collaboration-scientists-and-the-social-network-1.15711
 
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−
 
−
* http://blog.jessriedel.com/2015/04/16/beyond-papers-gitwikxiv/ [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9415985]
 
−
 
−
* https://galaxyproject.org/
 
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−
 
−
* [https://www.openconf.com/ OpenConf] - Peer-Review, Abstract and Conference Management. Known for its ease of use, clean interface, and outstanding support, OpenConf has powered thousands of events and journals* in 100+ countries.
 
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−
* [http://academictorrents.com/ Academic Torrents] - We've designed a distributed system for sharing enormous datasets - for researchers, by researchers. The result is a scalable, secure, and fault-tolerant repository for data, with blazing fast download speeds. [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17744150]
 
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−
* https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17907506
 
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−
* [https://arxiv-sanity-lite.com/ arxiv-sanity] -  A much lighter-weight arxiv-sanity from-scratch re-write. Periodically polls arxiv API for new papers. Then allows users to tag papers of interest, and recommends new papers for each tag based on SVMs over tfidf features of paper abstracts. Allows one to search, rank, sort, slice and dice these results in a pretty web UI. Lastly, arxiv-sanity-lite can send you daily emails with recommendations of new papers based on your tags. Curate your tags, track recent papers in your area, and don't miss out! This particular instance indexes papers from cs.CV, cs.LG, cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.NE, cs.RO, and only since early-ish 2021.
 
−
** ** https://github.com/karpathy/arxiv-sanity-lite
 
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−
* [https://unsub.org/ Request Demo] - The Unsub dashboard helps you reevaluate your deal's value, and understand your cancellation options.
 
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−
==== OpenWetWare ====
 
−
* [https://openwetware.org/wiki/Main_Page OpenWetWare] - an effort to promote the sharing of information, know-how, and wisdom among researchers and groups who are working in biology & biological engineering. Learn more about us. If you would like edit access, would be interested in helping out, or want your lab website hosted on OpenWetWare, please join us. OpenWetWare is managed by the BioBricks Foundation.
 
−
** [https://openwetware.org/wiki/Materials Materials - OpenWetWare]
 
−
** [https://openwetware.org/wiki/Protocols Protocols - OpenWetWare]
 
−
** [https://openwetware.org/wiki/Resources Resources - OpenWetWare]
 
−
 
−
=== Library ===
 
−
* http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php/Research_Portal_for_Academic_Librarians
 
−
* http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php/The_use_of_social_media_in_academic_libraries_2013
 
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−
* [http://www.worldcat.org/ WorldCat] is the world's largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online.
 
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−
* [http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/information-services/about/organisation/edl EDINA] provides online services and resources for UK Higher and Further Education. The Data Library assists staff and students in the discovery, access, use and management of datasets for research and teaching. Together they are a division of Information Services.
 
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−
=== Knowledge transfer ===
 
−
* [http://www.research-innovation.ed.ac.uk/ Edinburgh Research and Innovation Ltd] - A UK leader in commercialising research and entrepreneurship.
 
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−
* [http://www.ktponline.org.uk/ Knowledge Transfer Partnerships] (KTP) supports UK businesses wanting to improve their competitiveness, productivity and performance by accessing the knowledge and expertise available within UK Universities and Colleges.
 
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−
 
−
=== Technology transfer ===
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.ettc.co.uk/ Edinburgh Technology Transfer Centre] provides specialist laboratories and high-spec office accommodation to spin-out and start-up companies and project teams involved in research and development programmes.
 
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−
* [http://specific.eu.com/ SPECIFIC], an academic and industrial consortium led by Swansea University with Tata Steel as the main industrial partner, is funded by EPSRC, Technology Strategy Board and the Welsh Government.
 
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−
 
−
=== Open source ===
 
−
* http://www.jasig.org/
 
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−
* [http://serendip-o-matic.com/ Serendip-o-matic] - connects your sources to digital materials located in libraries, museums, and archives around the world. By first examining your research interests, and then identifying related content in locations such as the Digital Public Library of America (DPLA), Europeana, and Flickr Commons, our serendipity engine helps you discover photographs, documents, maps and other primary sources. Whether you begin with text from an article, a Wikipedia page, or a full Zotero collection, Serendip-o-matic's special algorithm extracts key terms and returns a surprising reflection of your interests. Because the tool is designed mostly for inspiration, search results aren't meant to be exhaustive, but rather suggestive, pointing you to materials you might not have discovered. At the very least, the magical input-output process helps you step back and look at your work from a new perspective. Give it a whirl. Your sources may surprise you. [https://github.com/chnm/serendipomatic]
 
−
 
−
=== Edinburgh ===
 
−
* [http://egfl.net/ Edinburgh Grid for Learning]
 
−
 
−
* [http://ces.egfl.net/programme/ Community Learning and Development Adult Education Programme] Day, evening and weekend courses.
 
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−
* http://www.ed.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.98726!/fileManager/ISTeamsv15_Feb13.pdf
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_authorship - of journal articles, books, and other original works is a means by which academics communicate the results of their scholarly work, establish priority for their discoveries, and build their reputation among their peers. Authorship is a primary basis that employers use to evaluate academic personnel for employment, promotion, and tenure. In academic publishing, authorship of a work is claimed by those making intellectual contributions to the completion of the research described in the work. In simple cases, a solitary scholar carries out a research project and writes the subsequent article or book. In many disciplines, however, collaboration is the norm and issues of authorship can be controversial. In these contexts, authorship can encompass activities other than writing the article; a researcher who comes up with an experimental design and analyzes the data may be considered an author, even if she or he had little role in composing the text describing the results. According to some standards, even writing the entire article would not constitute authorship unless the writer was also involved in at least one other phase of the project.
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_writing - is writing about science, with an implication that the writing is by scientists and for an audience that primarily includes peers—those with sufficient expertise to follow in detail.
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature - comprises academic papers that report original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences. Within a field of research, relevant papers are often referred to as "the literature". Academic publishing is the process of contributing the results of one's research into the literature, which often requires a peer-review process. Original scientific research published for the first time in scientific journals is called the primary literature. Patents and technical reports, for minor research results and engineering and design work (including computer software), can also be considered primary literature. Secondary sources include review articles (which summarize the findings of published studies to highlight advances and new lines of research) and books (for large projects or broad arguments, including compilations of articles). Tertiary sources might include encyclopedias and similar works intended for broad public consumption
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing - the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. Most academic work is published in academic journal articles, books or theses. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called "grey literature". Most scientific and scholarly journals, and many academic and scholarly books, though not all, are based on some form of peer review or editorial refereeing to qualify texts for publication. Peer review quality and selectivity standards vary greatly from journal to journal, publisher to publisher, and field to field.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal - or '''scholarly journal''' is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny, and discussion of research. They nearly universally require peer review or other scrutiny from contemporaries competent and established in their respective fields. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, or book reviews. The purpose of an academic journal, according to Henry Oldenburg (the first editor of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society), is to give researchers a venue to "impart their knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge, and perfecting all Philosophical Arts, and Sciences." The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Scientific journals and journals of the quantitative social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities and qualitative social sciences; their specific aspects are separately discussed.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal - a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by sharing findings from research with readers. They are normally specialized based on discipline, with authors picking which one they send their manuscripts to.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_journal - or '''overlay ejournal''' is a type of open access academic journal, almost always an online electronic journal (ejournal), that does not produce its own content, but selects from texts that are already freely available online. While many overlay journals derive their content from preprint servers, others, such as the Lund Medical Faculty Monthly, contain mainly papers published by commercial publishers, but with links to self-archived preprint or postprints when possible. The editors of an overlay journal locate suitable material from open access repositories and public domain sources, read it, and evaluate its worth. This evaluation may take the form of the judgement of a single editor or editors, or a full peer review process.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Article_Tag_Suite - an XML format used to describe scientific literature published online. It is a technical standard developed by the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and approved by the American National Standards Institute with the code Z39.96-2012. The NISO project was a continuation of the work done by NLM/NCBI, and popularized by the NLM's PubMed Central as a de facto standard for archiving and interchange of scientific open-access journals and its contents with XML. With the NISO standardization the NLM initiative has gained a wider reach, and several other repositories, such as SciELO and Redalyc, adopted the XML formatting for scientific articles. The JATS provides a set of XML elements and attributes for describing the textual and graphical content of journal articles as well as some non-article material such as letters, editorials, and book and product reviews. JATS allows for descriptions of the full article content or just the article header metadata; and allows other kinds of contents, including research and non-research articles, letters, editorials, and book and product reviews.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eprint - or '''e-print''' is a digital version of a research document (usually a journal article, but could also be a thesis, conference paper, book chapter, or a book) that is accessible online, usually as green open access, whether from a local institutional or a central digital repository. When applied to journal articles, the term "eprints" covers both preprints (before peer review) and postprints (after peer review). Digital versions of materials other than research documents are not usually called e-prints, but some other name, such as e-books.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint - a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset version available free, before or after a paper is published in a journal.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_preprint_repositories
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postprint - a digital draft of a research journal article after it has been peer reviewed and accepted for publication, but before it has been typeset and formatted by the journal
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_monograph
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_(summary) - a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject. The terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In management reports, an executive summary usually contains more information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_abstract - also '''extended abstract''', is a short, lightly reviewed technical article that is usually presented with a short talk at a scientific conference. The length of the document is usually limited to 2 pages (including all text, figures, references and appendices), although some conferences may allow slightly longer articles. If the conference does not specify a document style, the standard double-column IEEE format is a common practice. Due to their purpose and short length, fast abstracts do not require a full treatment of results as expected of a full paper published at a conference or journal. Even less formal publications such as working papers and technical reports are usually based on established research projects, and on the other hand these rarely are peer reviewed before publication, and there is no formal publishing procedures for such reports.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_management - process of accepting and preparing abstracts for presentation at an academic conference. The process consists of either invited or proffered submissions of the abstract or summary of work. The abstract typically states the hypothesis, tools used in research or investigation, data collected, and a summary or interpretation of the data.
 
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WP: Category:Eprint_archives
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_journal_online_publishing_platforms
 
−
* https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Free_and_open-source_journal_management_software
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Publication_management_software
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_conference - or '''scientific conference''' (also '''congress''', '''symposium''', '''workshop''', or '''meeting''') is an event for researchers (not necessarily academics) to present and discuss their scholarly work. Together with academic or scientific journals and preprint archives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers. Further benefits of participating in academic conferences include learning effects in terms of presentation skills and “academic habitus”, receiving feedback from peers for one's own research, the possibility to engage in informal communication with peers about work opportunities and collaborations, and getting an overview of current research in one or more disciplines.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_proceedings - a collection of academic papers published in the context of an academic conference or workshop. Conference proceedings typically contain the contributions made by researchers at the conference. They are the written record of the work that is presented to fellow researchers. A less common, broader meaning of proceedings are the acts and happenings of an academic field, a learned society.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conference_proceedings
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_scholarship - the use of digital evidence, methods of inquiry, research, publication and preservation to achieve scholarly and research goals. Digital scholarship can encompass both scholarly communication using digital media and research on digital media. An important aspect of digital scholarship is the effort to establish digital media and social media as credible, professional and legitimate means of research and communication. Digital scholarship has a close association with digital humanities, often serving as the umbrella term for discipline-agnostic digital research methods. Digital scholarship may also include born-digital means of scholarly communication that are more traditional, like online journals and databases, e-mail correspondence and the digital or digitized collections of research and academic libraries. Since digital scholarship is often concerned with the production and distribution of digital media, discussions about copyright, fair use and digital rights management (DRM) frequently accompany academic analysis of the topic. Combined with open access, digital scholarship is offered as a more affordable and open model for scholarly communication.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplinary_repository - an online archive containing works or data associated with these works of scholars in a particular subject area. Disciplinary repositories can accept work from scholars from any institution. A disciplinary repository shares the roles of collecting, disseminating, and archiving work with other repositories, but is focused on a particular subject area. These collections can include academic and research papers.
 
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Disciplinary repositories can acquire their content in many ways. Many rely on author or organization submissions, such as SSRN. Others such as CiteSeerX crawl the web for scholar and researcher websites and download publicly available academic papers from those sites. AgEcon, established in 1995, grew as a result of active involvement of academia and societies.
 
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A disciplinary repository generally covers one broad based discipline, with contributors from many different institutions supported by a variety of funders; the repositories themselves are likely to be funded from one or more sources within the subject community. Deposit of material in a disciplinary repository is sometimes mandated by research funders.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_data_archiving - the long-term storage of scholarly research data, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and life sciences. The various academic journals have differing policies regarding how much of their data and methods researchers are required to store in a public archive, and what is actually archived varies widely between different disciplines. Similarly, the major grant-giving institutions have varying attitudes towards public archival of data. In general, the tradition of science has been for publications to contain sufficient information to allow fellow researchers to replicate and therefore test the research. In recent years this approach has become increasingly strained as research in some areas depends on large datasets which cannot easily be replicated independently. Data archiving is more important in some fields than others. In a few fields, all of the data necessary to replicate the work is already available in the journal article. In drug development, a great deal of data is generated and must be archived so researchers can verify that the reports the drug companies publish accurately reflect the data.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_repository - an archive for collecting, preserving, and disseminating digital copies of the intellectual output of an institution, particularly a research institution. Academics also utilize their IRs for archiving published works to increase their visibility and collaboration with other academics However, most of these outputs produced by universities are not effectively accessed and shared by researchers and other stakeholders As a result Academics should be involved in the implementation and development of an IR project so that they can learn the benefits and purpose of building an IR.
 
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An institutional repository can be viewed as "a set of services that a university offers to members of its community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members." For a university, this includes materials such as monographs, eprints of academic journal articles—both before (preprints) and after (postprints) undergoing peer review—as well as electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). An institutional repository might also include other digital assets generated by academics, such as datasets, administrative documents, course notes, learning objects, academic posters or conference proceedings. Deposit of material in an institutional repository is sometimes mandated by an institution.
 
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Some of the main objectives for having an institutional repository are to provide open access to institutional research output by self-archiving in an open access repository, to create global visibility for an institution's scholarly research, and to store and preserve other institutional digital assets, including unpublished or otherwise easily lost ("grey") literature such as theses, working papers or technical reports.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Institutional_repository_software
 
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==== OpenAlex ====
 
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* [https://openalex.org OpenAlex] - a free and open catalog of the world's scholarly papers, researchers, journals, and institutions — along with all the ways they're connected to one another. Using OpenAlex, you can build your own scholarly search engine, recommender service, or trend detector. You can help manage research by tracking impact, spotting emerging fields, and identifying key groups. And you can do research to better understand how scholarship works.. Because we think all research should be free and open, OpenAlex is free and open itself: We're operated by a sustainable and transparent nonprofit, our complete dataset is free under the CC0 license, We offer a free API, and Our code is fully open-source. We believe the global research system is one of humankind's most beautiful creations. OpenAlex aims to make that whole beautiful creation available to everyone, everywhere.
 
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==== arXiv ====
 
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* [http://arxiv.org/ arXiv] - an e-print service in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance and statistics, owned and operated by Cornell University.
 
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** [http://arxiv.culturomics.org/ bookworm ArXiv] - Search for trends in hundreds of thousands of articles on arxiv.org
 
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** [http://paperscape.org/ Paperscape] - A map of 884,000 scientific papers from the arXiv. [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6314730] [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=10622437]
 
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* [http://www.arxiv-sanity.com/ Arxiv Sanity Preserver] - Web interface for browsing, search and filtering recent arxiv submissions
 
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** https://github.com/karpathy/arxiv-sanity-preserver
 
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* [http://arxivist.com/ arxivist] - uses your preferences to sort arXiv articles --- making it easier to find new arXiv submissions that are pertinent to you.
 
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* [http://davidsd.org/2010/03/the-snarxiv/ The snarXiv] - The snarXiv is a random high-energy theory paper generator incorporating all the latest trends, entropic reasoning, and exciting moduli spaces. The arXiv is similar, but occasionally less random.
 
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* [http://snarxiv.org/vs-arxiv/ arXiv vs. snarXiv]
 
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==== bioRxiv ====
 
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* [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/about-biorxiv Advancing the sharing of research results for the life sciences] - pronounced "bio-archive") is a free online archive and distribution service for unpublished preprints in the life sciences. It is operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a not-for-profit research and educational institution. By posting preprints on bioRxiv, authors are able to make their findings immediately available to the scientific community and receive feedback on draft manuscripts before they are submitted to journals.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv - an open access preprint repository for the biological sciences co-founded by John Inglis and Richard Sever in November 2013. It is hosted by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL).
 
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==== medRxiv ====
 
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* [https://www.medrxiv.org/ medRxiv.org - the preprint server for Health Sciences]
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedRxiv
 
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==== ViXra ====
 
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* [http://vixra.org/ ViXra.org] - an e-print archive set up as an alternative to the popular arXiv.org service owned by Cornell University. It has been founded by scientists who find they are unable to submit their articles to arXiv.org because of Cornell University's policy of endorsements and moderation designed to filter out e-prints that they consider inappropriate.
 
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==== PLOS ====
 
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* [http://www.plos.org/ Public Library of Science] (PLOS) is a nonprofit publisher, membership, and advocacy organization with a mission to accelerate progress in science and medicine by leading a transformation in research communication.
 
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* [http://www.plosone.org/ PLOS ONE] is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access, online publication. PLOS ONE welcomes reports on primary research from any scientific discipline.
 
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==== to sort ====
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciELO - a bibliographic database, digital library, and cooperative electronic publishing model of open access journals. SciELO was created to meet the scientific communication needs of developing countries and provides an efficient way to increase visibility and access to scientific literature. Originally established in Brazil in 1997, today there are 16 countries in the SciELO network and its journal collections: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
 
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* [http://zetoc.jisc.ac.uk/ Zetoc] - one of the world’s most comprehensive research databases, giving you access to over 30,000 journals and more than 52 million article citations and conference papers through the British Library’s electronic table of contents.
 
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* https://github.com/tompccs/scoopy - A way for academics and research students to stay on top of research publications (using machine learning)
 
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* [http://freecite.library.brown.edu/ FreeCite] - an open-source application that parses document citations into fielded data. You can use it as a web application or a service. You can also download the source and run FreeCite on your own server. FreeCite is distributed under the MIT license.
 
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* [http://www.altmetric.com/ Altmetric] - a London-based start-up focused on making article level metrics easy. Our mission is to track and analyse the online activity around scholarly literature.
 
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** http://api.altmetric.com/
 
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* [http://wokinfo.com/ Web of Knowledge] - (Thomson Reuters) is today's premier research platform for information in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities.
 
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** http://xuguang.info/blog/2013/05/citation-network-visualize/
 
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* [https://selectedpapers.net/ SelectedPapers.net] - a free, open-source project aimed at improving the way people find, read, and share academic papers.
 
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* [http://scicurve.com/ SciCurve] - transforms the old indexed-search based method of systematic literature review into interactive and comprehensible environment.
 
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* [http://scienceseeker.org/ ScienceSeeker] - a central site for finding and following science news and discussion. We collect thousands of posts and articles from hundreds of science sources; we aim to be the most comprehensive science hub on the web.
 
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* [http://www.2cultures.net/ 2cultures.net] syndicates in real-time 100 English language Digital Humanities blogs and related sites from around
 
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the world.
 
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* [http://digitalhumanitiesnow.org/ Digital Humanities Now] showcases the scholarship and news of interest to the digital humanities community through a process of aggregation, discovery, curation, and review.
 
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* [http://econjwatch.org/ Econ Journal Watch] publishes Comments on articles appearing in economics journals and serves as a forum about economics research and the economics profession.
 
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* [http://jotwell.com/ Journal of Things We Like (Lots)] - JOTWELL - invites you to join us in filling a telling gap in legal scholarship by creating a space where legal academics can go to identify, celebrate, and discuss the best new legal scholarship.
 
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* http://www.reddit.com/r/math/comments/1gov71/mathematical_writing_synonyms_for_therefore/
 
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* [http://www.universalrejection.org/ Journal of Universal Rejection]
 
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* http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/ - french
 
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* https://peerj.com/
 
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* https://pubpeer.com/
 
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* http://philpapers.org/
 
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* [https://osf.io/  Open Science Framework] (OSF) supports the entire research lifecycle: planning, execution, reporting, archiving, and discovery.
 
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** https://osf.io/8mpji/wiki/home/
 
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* http://retractionwatch.com/2016/09/13/we-have-an-epidemic-of-deeply-flawed-meta-analyses-says-john-ioannidis/ [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12535880]
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub - a website with over 64.5 million academic papers and articles available for direct download.[2] It bypasses publisher paywalls by allowing access through educational institution proxies. Sci-Hub stores papers in its own repository, and additionally the papers downloaded by Sci-Hub are also stored in Library Genesis (LibGen).
 
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* https://whereisscihub.now.sh
 
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* https://sci-bay.org [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16631913]
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics - the field of study which concerns itself with measuring and analysing scholarly literature. Scientometrics is a sub-field of informetrics. Major research issues include the measurement of the impact of research papers and academic journals, the understanding of scientific citations, and the use of such measurements in policy and management contexts. In practice there is a significant overlap between scientometrics and other scientific fields such as information systems, information science, science of science policy, sociology of science, and metascience. Critics have argued that over-reliance on scientometrics has created a system of perverse incentives, producing a publish or perish environment that leads to low-quality research.
 
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* [https://www.vosviewer.com/ VOSviewer] - a software tool for constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks. These networks may for instance include journals, researchers, or individual publications, and they can be constructed based on citation, bibliographic coupling, co-citation, or co-authorship relations. VOSviewer also offers text mining functionality that can be used to construct and visualize co-occurrence networks of important terms extracted from a body of scientific literature.
 
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* https://github.com/seinecle/vosviewer-tutorials - Documentation for VosViewer, a software for network visualization and scientometrics
 
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* [https://app.vosviewer.com/ VOSviewer Online]
 
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** https://github.com/neesjanvaneck/VOSviewer-Online - a tool for network visualization. It is a web-based version of VOSviewer, a popular tool for constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks, such as co-authorship networks, citation networks, and co-occurrence networks.
 
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* [https://www.citnetexplorer.nl/ CitNetExplorer - Analyzing citation patterns in scientific literature] - software tool for visualizing and analyzing citation networks of scientific publications. The tool allows citation networks to be imported directly from the Web of Science database. Citation networks can be explored interactively, for instance by drilling down into a network and by identifying clusters of closely related publications.
 
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* [https://www.intechopen.com/books Open Access Books | IntechOpen] - Read, share and download more than 6,500 peer-reviewed Open Access books
 
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=== Peer review ===
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review - the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers). It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are used to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., medical peer review. It can also be used as a teaching tool to help students improve writing assignments.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review - or '''academic peer review''' (also known as '''refereeing''') is the process of having a draft version of a researcher's methods and findings reviewed (usually anonymously) by experts (or "peers") in the same field. Peer review is widely used for helping the academic publisher (that is, the editor-in-chief, the editorial board or the program committee) decide whether the work should be accepted, considered acceptable with revisions, or rejected for official publication in an academic journal, a monograph or in the proceedings of an academic conference. If the identities of authors are not revealed to each other, the procedure is called dual-anonymous peer review.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_peer_review - the various possible modifications of the traditional scholarly peer review process. The three most common modifications to which the term is applied are: Open identities: Authors and reviewers are aware of each other's identity. Open reports: Review reports are published alongside the relevant article (rather than being kept confidential). Open participation: The wider community (and not just invited reviewers) are able to contribute to the review process.
 
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* [https://blog.everydayscientist.com/replace-peer-review-with-peer-replication/ Everyday Scientist » Replace Peer Review with “Peer Replication”] - Instead of sending out a manuscript to anonymous referees to read and review, preprints should be sent to other labs to actually replicate the findings. Once the key findings are replicated, the manuscript would be accepted and published. [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37021264]
 
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* [https://www.nature.com/articles/535031a Let’s make peer review scientific | Nature] [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12042078]
 
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* [https://pubpeer.com/ PubPeer] - Search publications and join the conversation.
 
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=== Assessment ===
 
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_assessment
 
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_set
 
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* https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5364451
 
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence#Academia
 
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* http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elljwp/noblesavage.htm
 
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* http://www.rpajournal.com/assessing-writing-in-moocs-automated-essay-scoring-and-calibrated-peer-review/
 
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* http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/are-courses-outdated-mit-considers-offering-modules-instead [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8220500]
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_peer_commentary
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycoloquy
 
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* https://hardsci.wordpress.com/2016/08/11/everything-is-fucked-the-syllabus/
 
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=== Copyright ===
 
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* http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/information-services/services/library-museum-gallery/library-help/copyright
 
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* http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/information-services/services/research-support/publish-research/research-publications/copyright
 
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* http://www.euppublishing.com/page/infoZone/authors/Copyright
 
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* http://www.ed.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.25069!/fileManager/amendment_to_publication_agreement3.pdf
 
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* http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/ - silo ahoy!
 
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* http://wiki.publishing.umich.edu/Publishing_Agreements
 
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* http://www.library.arizona.edu/help/tutorials/copyright
 
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* Association of Research Libraries: [http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/issuebrief-mooc-22oct12.pdf Massive Open Online Courses: Legal and Policy Issues for Research Libraries]
 
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* http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/information-services/about/news/copyright-seminar - didn't touch on existing copyleft accomodating employee contract implementations
 
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* http://svpow.com/2013/12/17/elsevier-steps-up-its-war-on-access/
 
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* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLYR7SRbZDI&feature=youtu.be
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serials_crisis - describes the problem of rising subscription costs of serial publications, especially scholarly journals, outpacing academic institutions' library budgets and limiting their ability to meet researchers' needs. The prices of these institutional or library subscriptions have been rising much faster than inflation for several decades, while the funds available to the libraries have remained static or have declined in real terms. As a result, academic and research libraries have regularly canceled serial subscriptions to accommodate price increases of the remaining subscriptions. The increased prices have also led to the increased popularity of shadow libraries.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_library - are online databases of readily available content that is normally obscured or otherwise not readily accessible. Such content may be inaccessible for a number of reasons, including the use of paywalls, copyright controls, or other barriers to accessibility placed upon the content by its original owners. Shadow libraries usually consist of textual information as in electronic books, but may also include other digital media, including software, music, or films. Examples of shadow libraries include Anna's Archive, Library Genesis, Sci-Hub and Z-Library, which are popular book and academic shadow libraries and may be the largest public libraries for books and literature.
 
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=== Copyleft / Open Access ===
 
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See also [[Free/open]]
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access - a set of principles and a range of practices through which research outputs are distributed online, free of access charges or other barriers. Under some models of open access publishing, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an open license for copyright.
 
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The main focus of the open access movement is "peer reviewed research literature". Historically, this has centered mainly on print-based academic journals. Whereas non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, site licenses or pay-per-view charges, open-access journals are characterised by funding models which do not require the reader to pay to read the journal's contents, relying instead on author fees or on public funding, subsidies and sponsorships. Open access can be applied to all forms of published research output, including peer-reviewed and non peer-reviewed academic journal articles, conference papers, theses, book chapters, monographs, research reports and images.
 
−
 
−
Since the revenue of most open access journals is earned from publication fees charged to the authors, OA publishers are motivated to increase their profits by accepting low-quality papers and by not performing thorough peer review. On the other hand, the prices for OA publications in the most prestigious journals have exceeded 5,000 US$ per article, making such publishing model unaffordable to a large number of researchers. This increase in publishing cost has been called the "Open-Access Sequel to [the] Serials Crisis".
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://oad.simmons.edu - a compendium of simple factual lists about open access (OA) to science and scholarship, maintained by the OA community at large. By bringing many OA-related lists together in one place, OAD makes it easier for everyone to discover them, use them for reference, and update them. The easier they are to maintain and discover, the more effectively they can spread useful, accurate information about OA.
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_open_access
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_open-access_movement
 
−
 
−
* https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Bibliography_of_open_access
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversive_Proposal - was an Internet posting by Stevan Harnad on June 27 1994 (presented at the 1994 Network Services Conference in London ) calling on all authors of "esoteric" research writings to archive their articles for free for everyone online (in anonymous FTP archives or websites). It initiated a series of online exchanges, many of which were collected and published as a book in 1995: "Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing". This led to the creation in 1997 of Cogprints, an open access archive for self-archived articles in the cognitive sciences and in 1998 to the creation of the American Scientist Open Access Forum (initially called the "September98 Forum" until the founding of the Budapest Open Access Initiative which first coined the term "Open Access"). The Subversive Proposal also led to the development of the GNU EPrints software used for creating OAI-compliant open access institutional repositories, and inspired CiteSeer, a tool to locate and index the resulting eprints. The proposal was updated gradually across the years, as summarized in the American Scientist Open Access Forum on its 10th anniversary. A retrospective was written by Richard Poynder. A self-critique was posted on its 15th anniversary in 2009. An online interview of Stevan Harnad was conducted by Richard Poynder on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the subversive proposal.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative - a public statement of principles relating to open access to the research literature, which was released to the public on February 14, 2002. It arose from a conference convened in Budapest by the Open Society Institute on December 1–2, 2001 to promote open access which at that time was also known as Free Online Scholarship. This small gathering of individuals has been recognised as one of the major defining events of the open access movement. As of 2021, the text of the initiative had been translated to 13 languages.
 
−
On the 10th anniversary of the initiative in 2012, the ends and means of the original initiative were reaffirmed and supplemented with a set of concrete recommendations for achieving open access in the next 10 years.
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing - a 2003 statement which defines the concept of open access and then supports that concept.
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities - an international statement on open access and access to knowledge. It emerged from a conference on open access hosted in the Harnack House in Berlin by the Max Planck Society in 2003.
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition - an international alliance of academic and research libraries developed by the Association of Research Libraries in 1998 which promotes open access to scholarship. The coalition currently includes some 800 institutions in North America, Europe, Japan, China and Australia.
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_mandate - a policy adopted by a research institution, research funder, or government which requires or recommends researchers—usually university faculty or research staff and/or research grant recipients—to make their published, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers open access by self-archiving their final, peer-reviewed drafts in a freely accessible institutional repository or disciplinary repository ("Green OA") or (2) by publishing them in an open-access journal ("Gold OA") or both.
 
−
 
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−
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_access_archives
 
−
 
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_repository - '''open repository''' or '''open-access repository''' is a digital platform that holds research output and provides free, immediate and permanent access to research results for anyone to use, download and distribute. To facilitate open access such repositories must be interoperable according to the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). Search engines harvest the content of open access repositories, constructing a database of worldwide, free of charge available research. Open-access repositories, such as an institutional repository or disciplinary repository, provide free access to research for users outside the institutional community and are one of the recommended ways to achieve the open access vision described in the Budapest Open Access Initiative definition of open access. This is sometimes referred to as the self-archiving or "green" route to open access.
 
−
 
−
* https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Free_and_open-source_repository_software
 
−
 
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−
 
−
* [https://orcid.org/ ORCID] - provides a persistent digital identifier (an ORCID iD) that you own and control, and that distinguishes you from every other researcher. You can connect your iD with your professional information — affiliations, grants, publications, peer review, and more. You can use your iD to share your information with other systems, ensuring you get recognition for all your contributions, saving you time and hassle, and reducing the risk of errors.
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORCID - Open Researcher and Contributor ID, is a nonproprietary alphanumeric code to uniquely identify authors and contributors of scholarly communication as well as ORCID's website and services to look up authors and their bibliographic output (and other user-supplied pieces of information).
 
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−
* https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Disciplinary_repositories - a list of OA disciplinary repositories (also called central or subject repositories
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Open-access_archives
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories - a searchable international database indexing the creation, location and growth of open access institutional repositories and their contents. ROAR was created by EPrints at University of Southampton, UK, in 2003. It began as the Institutional Archives Registry and was renamed Registry of Open Access Repositories in 2006. To date, over 3,000 institutional and cross-institutional repositories have been registered.
 
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−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDOAR - a UK-based website that lists open access repositories (including academic ones). It is searchable by locale, content, and other measures. The service does not require complete repository details and does not search repositories' metadata.
 
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* [https://www.oclc.org/en/oaister.html OAIster: Catalog of open access resources | OCLC] - a union catalog of millions of records that represent open access resources. This catalog was built through harvesting from open access collections worldwide using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). Today, OAIster includes more than 50 million records that represent digital resources from more than 2,000 contributors.
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAIster - an online combined bibliographic catalogue of open access material aggregated using OAI-PMH.
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
* http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Creative_Commons_and_Open_Access
 
−
 
−
* http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/34852
 
−
 
−
* http://library.osu.edu/blogs/copyright/
 
−
 
−
* http://www.jisc.ac.uk/inform/inform31/Jol-Ito-Education.html
 
−
 
−
* http://www.open.ac.uk/about/main/admin-and-governance/policies-and-statements/copyright-the-openlearn-website
 
−
 
−
 
−
* http://www.open.edu/openlearn/
 
−
 
−
* http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/open
 
−
 
−
* http://unow.nottingham.ac.uk/
 
−
 
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−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossref - a nonprofit open digital infrastructure organisation for the global scholarly research community. Uniquely and persistently recording and connecting knowledge through open metadata and identifiers for all research objects such as grants and articles. It is the largest digital object identifier (DOI) Registration Agency of the International DOI Foundation. Crossref interlinks millions of items from a variety of content types, including journals, books, conference proceedings, research grants, working papers, technical reports, and data sets. Linked content includes materials from scientific, technical, and medical (STM), and social sciences and humanities (SSH) disciplines.
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare - an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data. Figshare is one of a number of portfolio businesses supported by Digital Science, a subsidiary of Springer Nature.
 
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−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figshare - an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data. Figshare is one of a number of portfolio businesses supported by Digital Science, a subsidiary of Springer Nature.
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryad_(repository)
 
−
 
−
 
−
* [https://www.re3data.org re3data.org] - global registry of research data repositories that covers research data repositories from different academic disciplines. It includes repositories that enable permanent storage of and access to data sets to researchers, funding bodies, publishers, and scholarly institutions. re3data promotes a culture of sharing, increased access and better visibility of research data. The registry has gone live in autumn 2012 and has been funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
 
−
 
−
* http://creativecommons.org/science
 
−
 
−
 
−
* http://freeourbooks.wordpress.com/
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources
 
−
 
−
* [http://jorum.ac.uk/ Jorum] is the place where you will find free open educational resources produced by the UK Further and Higher Education community.
 
−
 
−
* [http://writersinspire.org/ Great Writers Inspire] - This collection of freely available literary resources is aimed at students from sixth-form to university, their teachers, and at lifelong learners. It contains lectures, eBooks and contextual essays for reuse by individuals and the educational community.
 
−
 
−
* http://hlsweb.dmu.ac.uk/ahs/elearning/RITA/Resources.html
 
−
 
−
* https://openeducationalresources.pbworks.com/w/page/24836480/Home
 
−
* https://oersynth.pbworks.com/w/page/29595671/OER%20Synthesis%20and%20Evaluation%20Project
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.ck12.org/ CK-12] provides open-source content and technology tools to help teachers provide learning opportunities for students globally.
 
−
 
−
* https://openstaxcollege.org/books
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
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−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
* [http://open-access.org.uk/ UK Open Access Implementation Group] adds value to the work of the member organisations to increase the rate at which the outputs from UK research are available on OA terms.
 
−
 
−
* [http://openaccess.eprints.org/ Open Access Archivangelism] by Stevan Harnad
 
−
 
−
* [http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/open-access Open Access] by Peter Suber
 
−
 
−
* [http://sciencecitizen.org/?p=219 Our tribute to Aaron Swartz – #pdftribute]
 
−
 
−
* [http://onesearch.library.utoronto.ca/oaweek/scholarly-communication-open-access Scholarly Communication & Open Access]
 
−
 
−
* [http://oaindex.org/ Open Access Index] - a method to measure an author's engagement with Open Access. Is there a need, and how should the index be calculated?
 
−
 
−
* Jisc: [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/publications/programme/2011/scaembeddingcclicencesbp.pdf Briefing Paper on Embedding Creative Commons Licences into Digital Resources]
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.doaj.org/ DOAJ]: Directory of Open Access Journals
 
−
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals
 
−
 
−
* http://www.plosone.org/home.action
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.oclc.org/ OCLC] is a worldwide library cooperative, providing services and research to improve access to the world’s information.
 
−
** [http://www.oclc.org/oaister.en.html?urlm=168646 OAIster] is a union catalog of millions of records representing open access resources that was built by harvesting from open access collections worldwide using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). Today, OAIster includes more than 30 million records representing digital resources from more than 1,500 contributors.
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.ssrn.com/ Social Science Research Network] (SSRN) is devoted to the rapid worldwide dissemination of social science research and is composed of a number of specialized research networks in each of the social sciences.
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed PubMed] comprises more than 23 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
 
−
 
−
* http://www.caltech.edu/content/caltech-announces-open-access-policy
 
−
 
−
* http://www.scirp.org/journal/OpenAccess.aspx
 
−
 
−
* http://blogs.plos.org/scicomm/2015/04/13/hello-world/ [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9394181]
 
−
 
−
* https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12435236
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata
 
−
 
−
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-band_signaling
 
−
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-band_signal
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_(metadata)
 
−
 
−
* http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2005/Tagging_and_Why_It_Matters
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksonomy
 
−
 
−
* [http://arxiv.org/pdf/0903.1788v1.pdf The Role of Tag Suggestions in Folksonomies]
 
−
 
−
 
−
* [https://github.com/weso/acota-core ACOTA] (Automatic Collaborative Tagging). It is a Java-based library for suggesting tags in a collaborative and automatic way. It is based on the use of folksonomies to manage the tags and provide advanced services of automatic learning, reasoning, etc.
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://twitter.com/chrismessina/status/223115412 - first hashtag
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform
 
−
 
−
* http://wiki.creativecommons.org/XMP
 
−
 
−
 
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* [https://www.openarchives.org/ Open Archives Initiative] -  The Open Archives Initiative develops and promotes interoperability standards that aim to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content. OAI has its roots in the open access and institutional repository movements. Continued support of this work remains a cornerstone of the Open Archives program. Over time, however, the work of OAI has expanded to promote broad access to digital resources for eScholarship, eLearning, and eScience.
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative_Protocol_for_Metadata_Harvesting - a protocol developed for harvesting metadata descriptions of records in an archive so that services can be built using metadata from many archives. An implementation of OAI-PMH must support representing metadata in Dublin Core, but may also support additional representations. The protocol is usually just referred to as the OAI Protocol.
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.openarchives.org/Register/BrowseSites OAI-PMH Registered Data Providers] - page lists registered OAI conforming repositories, registered through our registration and validation page. Currently there are 6152 such repositories. The table may be sorted either by the Repository Name, the base URL, or the oai-identifier namespace (if defined; used in the oai-identifier scheme).For each repository you may view the registration record from the database, or alternatively, if your browser can render XML, you may issue an Identify request to the selected repository and receive the current XML response. Service providers can get an XML formatted list of base URLs of registered data providers from http://www.openarchives.org/Register/ListFriends . View Repository Name base
 
−
 
−
=== Jisc ===
 
−
* [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/ Jisc] - drives innovation in UK education and research, and have been doing so for more than 15 years. registered charity working on behalf of UK higher education, further education and skills to champion the use of digital technologies. Historically, JISC stood for Joint Information Systems Committee
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/ JISC Digital Media] - helps the UK’s higher education, further education and skills communities embrace and maximise the use of digital media (still images, sound and video).
 
−
* [http://www.jiscadvance.ac.uk/ JIsc Advance] brought together collective expertise to help organisations get the most from technology. Its services (such as the Regional Support Centres, Jisc Legal and Jisc TechDis) continue to run, but the organisation itself closed in July 2013.
 
−
* [https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk JISCMail] has a large collection of groups which enable academics, support staff and researchers to collaborate
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/di_informationandlibraries/emergingopportunities/benefitsofsharingscotland.aspx The Benefits of Sharing (TBOS)]
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/inform/inform33/OpenWorking.html Open doors] - We asked JISC colleagues: what aspect of your work has made the biggest difference to supporting people in universities, colleges and other learning providers to work more openly?
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.oss-watch.ac.uk/ OSS Watch] provides unbiased advice and guidance on the use, development, and licensing of free software, open source software, and open source hardware.
 
−
 
−
* http://www.edmediashare.org/
 
−
 
−
 
−
=== Knowledge sharing ===
 
−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Research_Data_Repositories - a global registry of research data repositories from all academic disciplines. It provides an overview of existing research data repositories in order to help researchers to identify a suitable repository for their data and thus comply with requirements set out in data policies. The registry was officially launched in May 2013.
 
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−
 
−
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Research - formerly known as ImpactStory, is a nonprofit organization which creates and distributes tools and services for libraries, institutions and researchers. The organization follows open practices with their data (to the extent allowed by providers' terms of service), code, and governance
 
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−
 
−
* [http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ RoMEO] is part of SHERPA Services based at the University of Nottingham. RoMEO has collaborative relationships with many international partners, who contribute time and effort to developing and maintaining the service. Current RoMEO development is funded by JISC.
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/humanities-soc-sci/research-ke Humanities & Social Science: Research & Knowledge Exchange] - UoE
 
−
* http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/research/overview/offices,_support_and_resources
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.ahrc.ac.uk/ AHRC] is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, along with the other UK Research Councils.
 
−
 
−
* [http://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/ CiteSeerx] is an evolving scientific literature digital library and search engine that has focused primarily on the literature in computer and information science. CiteSeerx aims to improve the dissemination of scientific literature and to provide improvements in functionality, usability, availability, cost, comprehensiveness, efficiency, and timeliness in the access of scientific and scholarly knowledge. Rather than creating just another digital library, CiteSeerx attempts to provide resources such as algorithms, data, metadata, services, techniques, and software that can be used to promote other digital libraries. CiteSeerx has developed new methods and algorithms to index PostScript and PDF research articles on the Web. Citeseerx provides the following features.
 
−
 
−
* [http://stko.geog.ucsb.edu/node/6 Citation Map: Visualizing The Spread Of Scientific Ideas Through Space And Time]
 
−
** YouTube: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdQwEAVTI20 Citation Map: Visualizing how scientific ideas spread throughout the world]
 
−
 
−
* http://www.reddit.com/r/scholar
 
−
** http://titojankowski.com/get-journal-articles-free/
 
−
 
−
* http://www.dcc.ac.uk/ - dead?
 
−
 
−
 
−
* http://theoj.org/
 
−
 
−
 
−
* http://www.nature.com/news/online-collaboration-scientists-and-the-social-network-1.15711
 
−
 
−
 
−
* http://blog.jessriedel.com/2015/04/16/beyond-papers-gitwikxiv/ [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9415985]
 
−
 
−
* https://galaxyproject.org/
 
−
 
−
 
−
* [https://www.openconf.com/ OpenConf] - Peer-Review, Abstract and Conference Management. Known for its ease of use, clean interface, and outstanding support, OpenConf has powered thousands of events and journals* in 100+ countries.
 
−
 
−
 
−
* [http://academictorrents.com/ Academic Torrents] - We've designed a distributed system for sharing enormous datasets - for researchers, by researchers. The result is a scalable, secure, and fault-tolerant repository for data, with blazing fast download speeds. [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17744150]
 
−
 
−
 
−
* https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17907506
 
−
 
−
* [https://arxiv-sanity-lite.com/ arxiv-sanity] -  A much lighter-weight arxiv-sanity from-scratch re-write. Periodically polls arxiv API for new papers. Then allows users to tag papers of interest, and recommends new papers for each tag based on SVMs over tfidf features of paper abstracts. Allows one to search, rank, sort, slice and dice these results in a pretty web UI. Lastly, arxiv-sanity-lite can send you daily emails with recommendations of new papers based on your tags. Curate your tags, track recent papers in your area, and don't miss out! This particular instance indexes papers from cs.CV, cs.LG, cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.NE, cs.RO, and only since early-ish 2021.
 
−
** ** https://github.com/karpathy/arxiv-sanity-lite
 
−
 
−
 
−
* [https://unsub.org/ Request Demo] - The Unsub dashboard helps you reevaluate your deal's value, and understand your cancellation options.
 
−
 
−
 
−
==== OpenWetWare ====
 
−
* [https://openwetware.org/wiki/Main_Page OpenWetWare] - an effort to promote the sharing of information, know-how, and wisdom among researchers and groups who are working in biology & biological engineering. Learn more about us. If you would like edit access, would be interested in helping out, or want your lab website hosted on OpenWetWare, please join us. OpenWetWare is managed by the BioBricks Foundation.
 
−
** [https://openwetware.org/wiki/Materials Materials - OpenWetWare]
 
−
** [https://openwetware.org/wiki/Protocols Protocols - OpenWetWare]
 
−
** [https://openwetware.org/wiki/Resources Resources - OpenWetWare]
 
−
 
−
=== Library ===
 
−
* http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php/Research_Portal_for_Academic_Librarians
 
−
* http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php/The_use_of_social_media_in_academic_libraries_2013
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.worldcat.org/ WorldCat] is the world's largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online.
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/information-services/about/organisation/edl EDINA] provides online services and resources for UK Higher and Further Education. The Data Library assists staff and students in the discovery, access, use and management of datasets for research and teaching. Together they are a division of Information Services.
 
−
 
−
 
−
=== Knowledge transfer ===
 
−
* [http://www.research-innovation.ed.ac.uk/ Edinburgh Research and Innovation Ltd] - A UK leader in commercialising research and entrepreneurship.
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.ktponline.org.uk/ Knowledge Transfer Partnerships] (KTP) supports UK businesses wanting to improve their competitiveness, productivity and performance by accessing the knowledge and expertise available within UK Universities and Colleges.
 
−
 
−
 
−
=== Technology transfer ===
 
−
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer
 
−
 
−
* [http://www.ettc.co.uk/ Edinburgh Technology Transfer Centre] provides specialist laboratories and high-spec office accommodation to spin-out and start-up companies and project teams involved in research and development programmes.
 
−
 
−
* [http://specific.eu.com/ SPECIFIC], an academic and industrial consortium led by Swansea University with Tata Steel as the main industrial partner, is funded by EPSRC, Technology Strategy Board and the Welsh Government.
 
−
 
−
 
−
=== Open source ===
 
−
* http://www.jasig.org/
 
−
 
−
 
−
* [http://serendip-o-matic.com/ Serendip-o-matic] - connects your sources to digital materials located in libraries, museums, and archives around the world. By first examining your research interests, and then identifying related content in locations such as the Digital Public Library of America (DPLA), Europeana, and Flickr Commons, our serendipity engine helps you discover photographs, documents, maps and other primary sources. Whether you begin with text from an article, a Wikipedia page, or a full Zotero collection, Serendip-o-matic's special algorithm extracts key terms and returns a surprising reflection of your interests. Because the tool is designed mostly for inspiration, search results aren't meant to be exhaustive, but rather suggestive, pointing you to materials you might not have discovered. At the very least, the magical input-output process helps you step back and look at your work from a new perspective. Give it a whirl. Your sources may surprise you. [https://github.com/chnm/serendipomatic]
 
−
 
−
=== Edinburgh ===
 
−
* [http://egfl.net/ Edinburgh Grid for Learning]
 
−
 
−
* [http://ces.egfl.net/programme/ Community Learning and Development Adult Education Programme] Day, evening and weekend courses.
 
−
 
−
* http://www.ed.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.98726!/fileManager/ISTeamsv15_Feb13.pdf
 

Latest revision as of 00:57, 18 August 2023

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