Security

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Revision as of 16:58, 24 January 2017 by Milk (talk | contribs) (→‎TLS/SSL)
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General




  • EZCrypt - We provide you with the power to encrypt the data BEFORE it gets stored on our site. All encryption/decryption is done on the client end using AES-CBC 128bit with a hash key generated on each paste. The server will only store the encrypted data without the hash key, so only you have the power to decrypt it.
  • Gitian is a secure source-control oriented software distribution method. This means you can download trusted binaries that are verified by multiple builders.


Resources

News

Articles

Passwords

Articles

Software

Keypass


Other

Services

Hardware

Multi-factor



Proxy

Server

See also Distros 

cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
  • haveged project is an attempt to provide an easy-to-use, unpredictable random number generator based upon an adaptation of the HAVEGE algorithm. Haveged was created to remedy low-entropy conditions in the Linux random device that can occur under some workloads, especially on headless servers. Current development of haveged is directed towards improving overall reliablity and adaptability while minimizing the barriers to using haveged for other tasks.


Firewalls


csf/lfd

csf -r
  # restart CSF

csf -d 192.18.1.100
  # quick deny an ip

csf -d 192.18.1.0/24
  # deny access from an ip range

csf -dr xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
  # remove from the deny list

csf -a xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
  # quick allow / whitelist an ip (bypass auto blocking)

csf -ar xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
  # remove ip from whitelist

FireHOL

Windows

Logging

Integrity


Hardening

See also *nix#Permissions

grsecurity

TOMOYO Linux

AppArmor

SELinux

Sandboxing

Intrusion detection



Port knocking

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_knocking - a method of externally opening ports on a firewall by generating a connection attempt on a set of prespecified closed ports. Once a correct sequence of connection attempts is received, the firewall rules are dynamically modified to allow the host which sent the connection attempts to connect over specific port(s). A variant called single packet authorization exists, where only a single "knock" is needed, consisting of an encrypted packet. The primary purpose of port knocking is to prevent an attacker from scanning a system for potentially exploitable services by doing a port scan, because unless the attacker sends the correct knock sequence, the protected ports will appear closed.

Shells

Limited

Honeypots

Cryptography

a mess




Ciphers

Blowfish

1993

AES

2001


Symmetric-key

DES

1977. Symmetric-key algorithm

Cryptographic hash function


  • Historic Password Hashes - a collection of historic password hashing algorithms. Please do not use most of them today! Send pull request if you have more.






  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_derivation_function - derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudo-random function. KDFs can be used to stretch keys into longer keys or to obtain keys of a required format, such as converting a group element that is the result of a Diffie–Hellman key exchange into a symmetric key for use with AES. Keyed cryptographic hash functions are popular examples of pseudo-random functions used for key derivation.





  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon2 - a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the Password Hashing Competition in July 2015. It was designed by Alex Biryukov, Daniel Dinu, and Dmitry Khovratovich from University of Luxembourg. Argon2 is released under a Creative Commons CC0 license, and provides two related versions: Argon2d maximizes resistance to GPU cracking attacks. Argon2i is optimized to resist side-channel attacks. Both are allow specification by three parameters that control: execution time, memory required, degree of parallelism


Public-key cryptography

  • httpd://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_infrastructure

Diffie-Hellman key exchange

Alice           Bob
---------------------------
Sa = random
Pa = g^Sa   --> Pa
                Sb = random
Pb          <-- Pb = g^Sb
s = Pb^Sa       s = Pa^Sb
k = KDF(s)      k = KDF(s)


There are several methods to use a block cipher to build a cryptographic hash function, specifically a one-way compression function. The methods resemble the block cipher modes of operation usually used for encryption. All well-known hash functions, including MD4, MD5, SHA-1 and SHA-2 are built from block-cipher-like components designed for the purpose, with feedback to ensure that the resulting function is not invertible. SHA-3 finalists included functions with block-cipher-like components (e.g., Skein, BLAKE) though the function finally selected, Keccak, was built on a cryptographic sponge instead.


Elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman

Alice           Bob
---------------------------
Sa = random
Pa = Sa * G --> Pa
                Sb = random
Pb          <-- Pb = Sb * G
s = Sa * Pb     s = Sb * Pa
k = KDF(s)      k = KDF(s)

PAKE

to sort


  • Community framework for electronic signatures - This Directive establishes the legal framework at European level for electronic signatures and certification services. The aim is to make electronic signatures easier to use and help them become legally recognised within the Member States.



RSA

1977, by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman at MIT

ECC


NTRU

Suites

Encryption

PGP / GPG

Guides

gpg --keyserver subkeys.pgp.net --recv-keys ABAF11C65A2970B130ABE3C479BE3E4300411886
  # retrieve a public key

gpg --export --armor <keyid> | awk '{ print "    "$0 }'

Tools

  • WebPG - Browser Extensions
  • Monkeysphere project's goal is to extend OpenPGP's web of trust to new areas of the Internet to help us securely identify servers we connect to, as well as each other while we work online. The suite of Monkeysphere utilities provides a framework to transparently leverage the web of trust for authentication of TLS/SSL communications through the normal use of tools you are familiar with, such as your web browser0 or secure shell.

Key servers


DNS

E-mail

Libraries

Google

  • Penango is a web browser add-on that allows people to send and receive authenticated and encrypted messages end-to-end on the Internet with standards-based, interoperable protocols.
  • gAES - Encrypt your google chats and make the NSA sad

Other


File system

TrueCrypt

Other

  • LUKS is the standard for Linux hard disk encryption. By providing a standard on-disk-format, it does not only facilitate compatibility among distributions, but also provides secure management of multiple user passwords. In contrast to existing solution, LUKS stores all setup necessary setup information in the partition header, enabling the user to transport or migrate his data seamlessly. While LUKS is a standard on-disk format, there is also a reference implementation. LUKS for dm-crypt is implemented in an enhanced version of cryptsetup.
  • Tomb aims to be an 100% free and open source system for easy encryption and backup of personal files, written in code that is easy to review and links commonly shared components. Tomb generates encrypted storage files to be opened and closed using their associated keyfiles, which are also protected with a password chosen by the user.
  • zuluCrypt is a front end to cryptsetup and tcplay and its a tool that make it easy to manage LUKS, PLAIN and TRUECRYPT encrypted volumes through a GUI and a simpler to use CLI interface. zuluCrypt can manage encrypted volumes residing in regular files, LVM devices, mdraid devices as well as regular block devices and partitions.
  • EncFS provides an encrypted filesystem in user-space. It runs without any special permissions and uses the FUSE library and Linux kernel module to provide the filesystem interface. You can find links to source and binary releases below. EncFS is open source software, licensed under the GPL. As with most encrypted filesystems, Encfs is meant to provide security against off-line attacks; ie your notebook or backups fall into the wrong hands, etc. The way Encfs works is different from the “loopback” encrypted filesystem support built into the Linux kernel because it works on files at a time, not an entire block device. This is a big advantage in some ways, but does not come without a cost.
  • Cryptkeeper is a Linux system tray applet that manages EncFS encrypted folders.

Other

  • The Guardian Project creates easy-to-use open source apps, mobile OS security enhancements, and customized mobile devices for people around the world to help them communicate more freely, and protect themselves from intrusion and monitoring.



  • Vault is a tool for securely accessing secrets. A secret is anything that you want to tightly control access to, such as API keys, passwords, certificates, and more. Vault provides a unified interface to any secret, while providing tight access control and recording a detailed audit log.

Homomorphic

TLS/SSL

See also HTTP#SSL

  • Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide communication security over the Internet. They use asymmetric cryptography for authentication of key exchange, symmetric encryption for confidentiality and message authentication codes for message integrity. Several versions of the protocols are in widespread use in applications such as web browsing, electronic mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and voice-over-IP (VoIP).

In the TCP/IP model view, TLS and SSL encrypt the data of network connections at a lower sublayer of its application layer. In OSI model equivalences, TLS/SSL is initialized at layer 5 (the session layer) then works at layer 6 (the presentation layer): first the session layer has a handshake using an asymmetric cipher in order to establish cipher settings and a shared key for that session; then the presentation layer encrypts the rest of the communication using a symmetric cipher and that session key. In both models, TLS and SSL work on behalf of the underlying transport layer, whose segments carry encrypted data.

Specs

some rfcs..

Guides

Software

Gnutils

OpenSSL

openssl ciphers -v

openssl verify -CAfile /etc/nginx/ca.pem certs/client.crt

Other

  • PolarSSL makes it trivially easy for developers to include cryptographic and SSL/TLS capabilities in their (embedded) products, facilitating this functionality with a minimal coding footprint.



HTTPS

See HTTP#SSL

CSP

Tools

  • SSL Server Test - This free online service performs a deep analysis of the configuration of any SSL web server on the public Internet.
  • Why No Padlock? - This web based tool will check a secure (https://) URL for the following items: Valid SSL Certificate (checks expiration date, properly installed intermediate certificate, URL matches the certificate domain, and displays the SSL Issuing company. All image, css, and javascript calls on the page are done so securely. Checks each linked css file to make sure any image calls are also secure. Outputs any insecure calls, along with the file (referrer) that made the insecure call. Verifies all third party SSL calls also have a valid and properly installed SSL certificate.
  • sslScanner - Scan SSL based TCP services, ips, ports and network ranges to obtain certificate expiry data. Get automated alerts about certificates expiring
  • SSL Converter - convert SSL certificates to and from different formats such as pem, der, p7b, and pfx
  • Certificate Depot - Create your self-signed SSL certificate instantly and for free.

Certificates

See also HTTP#SSL

Certificate signing request

  • .csr This is a Certificate Signing Request. Some applications can generate these for submission to certificate-authorities. It includes some/all of the key details of the requested certificate such as subject, organization, state, whatnot, as well as the public key of the certificate to get signed. These get signed by the CA and a certificate is returned. The returned certificate is the public certificate, which itself can be in a couple of formats.
openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout server.key -out server.csr

Key formats

  • .pem Defined in RFC's 1421 through 1424, this is a container format that may include just the public certificate (such as with Apache installs, and CA certificate files /etc/ssl/certs), or may include an entire certificate chain including public key, private key, and root certificates. The name is from Privacy Enhanced Email, a failed method for secure email but the container format it used lives on.
  • .key This is a PEM formatted file containing just the private-key of a specific certificate. In Apache installs, this frequently resides in /etc/ssl/private. The rights on this directory and the certificates is very important, and some programs will refuse to load these certificates if they are set wrong.
  • .pkcs12 .pfx .p12 Originally defined by RSA in the Public-Key Cryptography Standards, the "12" variant was enhanced by Microsoft. This is a passworded container format that contains both public and private certificate pairs. Unlike .pem files, this container is fully encrypted. Every time I get one I have to google to remember the openssl-fu required to break it into .key and .pem files.

SAN

Wildcard

Domain Validation

Organisational Validation

involving better/slower background checks for the Organisation Name field

Extended Validation

Self-signed

Vulnerable to MITM as cracker can generate their own, OK if you control both ends.

Lets Encrypt / ACME




./letsencrypt-auto certonly -d example.com -d www.example.com --agree-tos --renew-by-default -a webroot --webroot-path=/tmp/letsencrypt-auto

CAs

Services

Comodo
VeriSign
GlobalSign
StartCom

Free certs, one cert per domain, 1 year. One only pays for acions that require human intervention, i.e., validation.


Cacert.org

Community group providing certs. Web of trust based assurance point system. Not carried by major browsers, just Linux distros.

Other
  • SSLMate - Buy SSL certs from the command line.
  • CertSimple - The fastest way to prove your company's identity online. EV Certificates are £149 a year. Multiple servers from £249 a year for 3 server names.

PFS

CRL

DNSSEC

DANE

HPKP

Future

  • TACK, a proposal for a dynamically activated public key pinning framework that provides a layer of indirection away from Certificate Authorities, but is fully backwards compatible with existing CA certificates, and doesn't require sites to modify their existing certificate chains.

Other

Vulnerabilities

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing) - a weakness which allows an attacker to reduce a system's information assurance. Vulnerability is the intersection of three elements: a system susceptibility or flaw, attacker access to the flaw, and attacker capability to exploit the flaw. To exploit a vulnerability, an attacker must have at least one applicable tool or technique that can connect to a system weakness. In this frame, vulnerability is also known as the attack surface.






Cookies

Virus

Web

OWASP

  • https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Main_Page Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is a 501(c)(3) worldwide not-for-profit charitable organization focused on improving the security of software. Our mission is to make software security visible, so that individuals and organizations worldwide can make informed decisions about true software security risks.

Testing

See Network, Development#Testing

Metasploit


Web

  • w3af is a Web Application Attack and Audit Framework. The project's goal is to create a framework to find and exploit web application vulnerabilities that is easy to use and extend.

DB

  • sqlmap is an open source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws and taking over of database servers. It comes with a powerful detection engine, many niche features for the ultimate penetration tester and a broad range of switches lasting from database fingerprinting, over data fetching from the database, to accessing the underlying file system and executing commands on the operating system via out-of-band connections.

Burp

Inception

  • Inception is a FireWire physical memory manipulation and hacking tool exploiting IEEE 1394 SBP-2 DMA. The tool can unlock (any password accepted) and escalate privileges to Administrator/root on almost any powered on machine you have physical access to. The tool can attack over FireWire, Thunderbolt, ExpressCard, PC Card and any other PCI/PCIe interfaces.

DetecTor.io

radare2

Capstone

Bettercap

Wi-fi

Disk cleanup

Hardware

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_token - sometimes a hardware token, authentication token, USB token, cryptographic token, software token, virtual token, or key fob) may be a physical device that an authorized user of computer services is given to ease authentication. The term may also refer to software tokens.

Security tokens are used to prove one's identity electronically (as in the case of a customer trying to access their bank account). The token is used in addition to or in place of a password to prove that the customer is who they claim to be. The token acts like an electronic key to access something.

Some may store cryptographic keys, such as a digital signature, or biometric data, such as fingerprint minutiae. Some designs feature tamper resistant packaging, while others may include small keypads to allow entry of a PIN or a simple button to start a generating routine with some display capability to show a generated key number. Special designs include a USB connector, RFID functions or Bluetooth wireless interface to enable transfer of a generated key number sequence to a client system.



  • https://www.nitrokey.com/
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrokey - an open source USB key to enable secure encryption and signing of data. The secret keys are always stored inside the Nitrokey which protects against malware (such as computer viruses) and attackers. A user-chosen PIN and a tamper-proof smart card protect the Nitrokey in case of loss and theft. The hardware and software of Nitrokey are available as open source, free software and open hardware which enables independent parties to verify the security of the device. Nitrokey is supported on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.


  • RSA Key Extraction via Low-Bandwidth Acoustic Cryptanalysis - Many computers emit a high-pitched noise during operation, due to vibration in some of their electronic components. Here, we describe a new acoustic cryptanalysis key extraction attack, applicable to GnuPG's current implementation of RSA. The attack can extract full 4096-bit RSA decryption keys from laptop computers (of various models), within an hour, using the sound generated by the computer during the decryption of some chosen ciphertexts. We experimentally demonstrate that such attacks can be carried out, using either a plain mobile phone placed next to the computer, or a more sensitive microphone placed 4 meters away. Beyond acoustics, we demonstrate that a similar low-bandwidth attack can be performed by measuring the electric potential of a computer chassis. A suitably-equipped attacker need merely touch the target computer with his bare hand, or get the required leakage information from the ground wires at the remote end of VGA, USB or Ethernet cables.


Legal

UX

Other

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